<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> <title>r.surf.idw - GRASS GIS manual</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="grassdocs.css" type="text/css"> </head> <body bgcolor="white"> <div id="container"> <a href="index.html"><img src="grass_logo.png" alt="GRASS logo"></a> <hr class="header"> <h2>NAME</h2> <em><b>r.surf.idw</b></em> - Provides surface interpolation from raster point data by Inverse Distance Squared Weighting. <h2>KEYWORDS</h2> <a href="raster.html">raster</a>, <a href="topic_surface.html">surface</a>, <a href="keywords.html#interpolation">interpolation</a>, <a href="keywords.html#IDW">IDW</a> <h2>SYNOPSIS</h2> <div id="name"><b>r.surf.idw</b><br></div> <b>r.surf.idw --help</b><br> <div id="synopsis"><b>r.surf.idw</b> [-<b>e</b>] <b>input</b>=<em>name</em> <b>output</b>=<em>name</em> [<b>npoints</b>=<em>integer</em>] [--<b>overwrite</b>] [--<b>help</b>] [--<b>verbose</b>] [--<b>quiet</b>] [--<b>ui</b>] </div> <div id="flags"> <h3>Flags:</h3> <dl> <dt><b>-e</b></dt> <dd>Output is the interpolation error</dd> <dt><b>--overwrite</b></dt> <dd>Allow output files to overwrite existing files</dd> <dt><b>--help</b></dt> <dd>Print usage summary</dd> <dt><b>--verbose</b></dt> <dd>Verbose module output</dd> <dt><b>--quiet</b></dt> <dd>Quiet module output</dd> <dt><b>--ui</b></dt> <dd>Force launching GUI dialog</dd> </dl> </div> <div id="parameters"> <h3>Parameters:</h3> <dl> <dt><b>input</b>=<em>name</em> <b>[required]</b></dt> <dd>Name of input raster map</dd> <dt><b>output</b>=<em>name</em> <b>[required]</b></dt> <dd>Name for output raster map</dd> <dt><b>npoints</b>=<em>integer</em></dt> <dd>Number of interpolation points</dd> <dd>Default: <em>12</em></dd> </dl> </div> <div class="toc"> <h4 class="toc">Table of contents</h4> <ul class="toc"> <li class="toc"><a href="#description" class="toc">DESCRIPTION</a></li> <li class="toc"><a href="#notes" class="toc">NOTES</a></li> <li class="toc"><a href="#known-issues" class="toc">KNOWN ISSUES</a></li> <li class="toc"><a href="#see-also" class="toc">SEE ALSO</a></li> <li class="toc"><a href="#author" class="toc">AUTHOR</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><a name="description">DESCRIPTION</a></h2> <em>r.surf.idw</em> fills a grid cell (raster) matrix with interpolated values generated from input raster data points. It uses a numerical approximation technique based on distance squared weighting of the values of nearest data points. The number of nearest data points used to determined the interpolated value of a cell can be specified by the user (default: 12 nearest data points). <p> If there is a current working mask, it applies to the output raster map. Only those cells falling within the mask will be assigned interpolated values. The search procedure for the selection of nearest neighboring points will consider all input data, without regard to the mask. The <b>-e</b> flag is the error analysis option that interpolates values only for those cells of the input raster map which have non-zero values and outputs the difference (see <a href="#minuse.html">NOTES</a> below). <p>The <b>npoints</b> parameter defines the number of nearest data points used to determine the interpolated value of an output raster cell. <h2><a name="notes">NOTES</a></h2> <em>r.surf.idw</em> is a surface generation utility which uses inverse distance squared weighting (as described in <i>Applied Geostatistics</i> by E. H. Isaaks and R. M. Srivastava, Oxford University Press, 1989) to assign interpolated values. The implementation includes a customized data structure somewhat akin to a sparse matrix which enhances the efficiency with which nearest data points are selected. For latitude/longitude projections, distances are calculated from point to point along a geodesic. <p> Unlike <em><a href="https://grass.osgeo.org/grass7/manuals/addons/r.surf.idw2.html">r.surf.idw2</a></em> (addon), which processes all input data points in each interpolation cycle, <em>r.surf.idw</em> attempts to minimize the number of input data for which distances must be calculated. Execution speed is therefore a function of the search effort, and does not increase appreciably with the number of input data points. <p> <em>r.surf.idw</em> will generally outperform <em>r.surf.idw2</em> except when the input data layer contains few non-zero data, i.e. when the cost of the search exceeds the cost of the additional distance calculations performed by <em>r.surf.idw2</em>. The relative performance of these utilities will depend on the comparative speed of boolean, integer and floating point operations on a particular platform. <p> Worst case search performance by <em>r.surf.idw</em> occurs when the interpolated cell is located outside of the region in which input data are distributed. It therefore behooves the user to employ a mask when geographic region boundaries include large areas outside the general extent of the input data. <p> The degree of smoothing produced by the interpolation will increase relative to the number of nearest data points considered. The utility may be used with regularly or irregularly spaced input data. However, the output result for the former may include unacceptable nonconformities in the surface pattern. <a name="minuse.html"></a> <p> The <b>-e</b> flag option provides a standard surface-generation error analysis facility. It produces an output raster map of the difference of interpolated values minus input values for those cells whose input data are non-zero. For each interpolation cycle, the known value of the cell under consideration is ignored, and the remaining input values are used to interpolate a result. The output raster map may be compared to the input raster map to analyze the distribution of interpolation error. This procedure may be helpful in choosing the number of nearest neighbors considered for surface generation. <!-- requires https://trac.osgeo.org/grass/ticket/2672 to be fixed: <h2><a name="example">EXAMPLE</a></h2> Interpolation of raster surface from randomly sampled vector elevation points (North Carolina sample dataset region): <div class="code"><pre> g.region vector=elev_lid792_randpts res=1 -p # rasterize points v.to.rast input=elev_lid792_randpts use=attr attribute_column=value \ output=elev_lid792_randpts_1m # interpolation DEM r.surf.idw input=elev_lid792_randpts_1m output=elev_surf_1m_idw # validate: differences to original DEM r.mapcalc "elev_diff = elev_lid792_1m - elev_surf_1m_idw" r.colors map=elev_diff color=differences </pre></div> --> <h2><a name="known-issues">KNOWN ISSUES</a></h2> Module <em>r.surf.idw</em> works only for integer (CELL) raster maps. <h2><a name="see-also">SEE ALSO</a></h2> <em> <a href="r.surf.contour.html">r.surf.contour</a>, <a href="r.surf.gauss.html">r.surf.gauss</a>, <a href="r.surf.fractal.html">r.surf.fractal</a>, <a href="r.surf.random.html">r.surf.random</a>, <a href="v.surf.idw.html">v.surf.idw</a>, <a href="v.surf.rst.html">v.surf.rst</a> </em> <p> Overview: <a href="https://grasswiki.osgeo.org/wiki/Interpolation">Interpolation and Resampling</a> in GRASS GIS <h2><a name="author">AUTHOR</a></h2> Greg Koerper <br> Global Climate Research Project <br> U.S. EPA Environmental Research Laboratory <br> 200 S.W. 35th Street, JSB <br> Corvallis, OR 97333 <!-- <p> <i>Last changed: $Date$</i> --><h2>SOURCE CODE</h2> <p>Available at: <a href="https://github.com/OSGeo/grass/tree/master/raster/r.surf.idw">r.surf.idw source code</a> (<a href="https://github.com/OSGeo/grass/commits/master/raster/r.surf.idw">history</a>)</p> <hr class="header"> <p> <a href="index.html">Main index</a> | <a href="raster.html">Raster index</a> | <a href="topics.html">Topics index</a> | <a href="keywords.html">Keywords index</a> | <a href="graphical_index.html">Graphical index</a> | <a href="full_index.html">Full index</a> </p> <p> © 2003-2020 <a href="http://grass.osgeo.org">GRASS Development Team</a>, GRASS GIS 7.8.5 Reference Manual </p> </div> </body> </html>