Initial commit of C# code developed before installing Git.

committer: Jon Skeet <skeet@pobox.com>

CHANGES.txt

+2008-07-07 version 2.0.0:
+
+  * First public release.

CONTRIBUTORS.txt

+This file contains a list of people who have made large contributions
+to the public version of Protocol Buffers.
+
+Original Protocol Buffers design and implementation:
+  Sanjay Ghemawat <sanjay@google.com>
+  Jeff Dean <jeff@google.com>
+  Daniel Dulitz <daniel@google.com>
+  Craig Silverstein
+  Paul Haahr <haahr@google.com>
+  Corey Anderson <corin@google.com>
+  (and many others)
+
+Proto2 C++ and Java primary author:
+  Kenton Varda <kenton@google.com>
+
+Proto2 Python primary authors:
+  Will Robinson <robinson@google.com>
+  Petar Petrov <petar@google.com>
+
+Large code contributions:
+  Joseph Schorr <jschorr@google.com>
+  Wenbo Zhu <wenboz@google.com>
+
+Large quantity of code reviews:
+  Scott Bruce <sbruce@google.com>
+  Frank Yellin
+  Neal Norwitz <nnorwitz@google.com>
+  Jeffrey Yasskin <jyasskin@google.com>
+  Ambrose Feinstein <ambrose@google.com>
+
+Documentation:
+  Lisa Carey <lcarey@google.com>
+
+Maven packaging:
+  Gregory Kick <gak@google.com>
+
+Non-Google patch contributors:
+  Kevin Ko <kevin.s.ko@gmail.com>
+    * Small patch to handle trailing slashes in --proto_path flag.
+  Johan Euphrosine <proppy@aminche.com>
+    * Small patch to fix Pyhton CallMethod().
+  Ulrich Kunitz <kune@deine-taler.de>
+    * Small optimizations to Python serialization.
+  Leandro Lucarella <llucax@gmail.com>
+    * VI syntax highlighting tweaks.
+    * Fix compiler to not make output executable.
+  Dilip Joseph <dilip.antony.joseph@gmail.com>
+    * Heuristic detection of sub-messages when printing unknown fields in
+      text format.

INSTALL.txt

+This file contains detailed but generic information on building and
+installing the C++ part of this project.  For shorter instructions,
+as well as instructions for compiling and installing the Java or
+Python parts, see README.
+
+======================================================================
+
+Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc.
+
+   This file is free documentation; the Free Software Foundation gives
+unlimited permission to copy, distribute and modify it.
+
+
+Basic Installation
+==================
+
+   These are generic installation instructions.
+
+   The `configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for
+various system-dependent variables used during compilation.  It uses
+those values to create a `Makefile' in each directory of the package.
+It may also create one or more `.h' files containing system-dependent
+definitions.  Finally, it creates a shell script `config.status' that
+you can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, and a
+file `config.log' containing compiler output (useful mainly for
+debugging `configure').
+
+   It can also use an optional file (typically called `config.cache'
+and enabled with `--cache-file=config.cache' or simply `-C') that saves
+the results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring.  (Caching is
+disabled by default to prevent problems with accidental use of stale
+cache files.)
+
+   If you need to do unusual things to compile the package, please try
+to figure out how `configure' could check whether to do them, and mail
+diffs or instructions to the address given in the `README' so they can
+be considered for the next release.  If you are using the cache, and at
+some point `config.cache' contains results you don't want to keep, you
+may remove or edit it.
+
+   The file `configure.ac' (or `configure.in') is used to create
+`configure' by a program called `autoconf'.  You only need
+`configure.ac' if you want to change it or regenerate `configure' using
+a newer version of `autoconf'.
+
+The simplest way to compile this package is:
+
+  1. `cd' to the directory containing the package's source code and type
+     `./configure' to configure the package for your system.  If you're
+     using `csh' on an old version of System V, you might need to type
+     `sh ./configure' instead to prevent `csh' from trying to execute
+     `configure' itself.
+
+     Running `configure' takes awhile.  While running, it prints some
+     messages telling which features it is checking for.
+
+  2. Type `make' to compile the package.
+
+  3. Optionally, type `make check' to run any self-tests that come with
+     the package.
+
+  4. Type `make install' to install the programs and any data files and
+     documentation.
+
+  5. You can remove the program binaries and object files from the
+     source code directory by typing `make clean'.  To also remove the
+     files that `configure' created (so you can compile the package for
+     a different kind of computer), type `make distclean'.  There is
+     also a `make maintainer-clean' target, but that is intended mainly
+     for the package's developers.  If you use it, you may have to get
+     all sorts of other programs in order to regenerate files that came
+     with the distribution.
+
+Compilers and Options
+=====================
+
+   Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking that
+the `configure' script does not know about.  Run `./configure --help'
+for details on some of the pertinent environment variables.
+
+   You can give `configure' initial values for configuration parameters
+by setting variables in the command line or in the environment.  Here
+is an example:
+
+     ./configure CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix
+
+   *Note Defining Variables::, for more details.
+
+Compiling For Multiple Architectures
+====================================
+
+   You can compile the package for more than one kind of computer at the
+same time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their
+own directory.  To do this, you must use a version of `make' that
+supports the `VPATH' variable, such as GNU `make'.  `cd' to the
+directory where you want the object files and executables to go and run
+the `configure' script.  `configure' automatically checks for the
+source code in the directory that `configure' is in and in `..'.
+
+   If you have to use a `make' that does not support the `VPATH'
+variable, you have to compile the package for one architecture at a
+time in the source code directory.  After you have installed the
+package for one architecture, use `make distclean' before reconfiguring
+for another architecture.
+
+Installation Names
+==================
+
+   By default, `make install' will install the package's files in
+`/usr/local/bin', `/usr/local/man', etc.  You can specify an
+installation prefix other than `/usr/local' by giving `configure' the
+option `--prefix=PATH'.
+
+   You can specify separate installation prefixes for
+architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files.  If you
+give `configure' the option `--exec-prefix=PATH', the package will use
+PATH as the prefix for installing programs and libraries.
+Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix.
+
+   In addition, if you use an unusual directory layout you can give
+options like `--bindir=PATH' to specify different values for particular
+kinds of files.  Run `configure --help' for a list of the directories
+you can set and what kinds of files go in them.
+
+   If the package supports it, you can cause programs to be installed
+with an extra prefix or suffix on their names by giving `configure' the
+option `--program-prefix=PREFIX' or `--program-suffix=SUFFIX'.
+
+Optional Features
+=================
+
+   Some packages pay attention to `--enable-FEATURE' options to
+`configure', where FEATURE indicates an optional part of the package.
+They may also pay attention to `--with-PACKAGE' options, where PACKAGE
+is something like `gnu-as' or `x' (for the X Window System).  The
+`README' should mention any `--enable-' and `--with-' options that the
+package recognizes.
+
+   For packages that use the X Window System, `configure' can usually
+find the X include and library files automatically, but if it doesn't,
+you can use the `configure' options `--x-includes=DIR' and
+`--x-libraries=DIR' to specify their locations.
+
+Specifying the System Type
+==========================
+
+   There may be some features `configure' cannot figure out
+automatically, but needs to determine by the type of machine the package
+will run on.  Usually, assuming the package is built to be run on the
+_same_ architectures, `configure' can figure that out, but if it prints
+a message saying it cannot guess the machine type, give it the
+`--build=TYPE' option.  TYPE can either be a short name for the system
+type, such as `sun4', or a canonical name which has the form:
+
+     CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM
+
+where SYSTEM can have one of these forms:
+
+     OS KERNEL-OS
+
+   See the file `config.sub' for the possible values of each field.  If
+`config.sub' isn't included in this package, then this package doesn't
+need to know the machine type.
+
+   If you are _building_ compiler tools for cross-compiling, you should
+use the `--target=TYPE' option to select the type of system they will
+produce code for.
+
+   If you want to _use_ a cross compiler, that generates code for a
+platform different from the build platform, you should specify the
+"host" platform (i.e., that on which the generated programs will
+eventually be run) with `--host=TYPE'.
+
+Sharing Defaults
+================
+
+   If you want to set default values for `configure' scripts to share,
+you can create a site shell script called `config.site' that gives
+default values for variables like `CC', `cache_file', and `prefix'.
+`configure' looks for `PREFIX/share/config.site' if it exists, then
+`PREFIX/etc/config.site' if it exists.  Or, you can set the
+`CONFIG_SITE' environment variable to the location of the site script.
+A warning: not all `configure' scripts look for a site script.
+
+Defining Variables
+==================
+
+   Variables not defined in a site shell script can be set in the
+environment passed to `configure'.  However, some packages may run
+configure again during the build, and the customized values of these
+variables may be lost.  In order to avoid this problem, you should set
+them in the `configure' command line, using `VAR=value'.  For example:
+
+     ./configure CC=/usr/local2/bin/gcc
+
+will cause the specified gcc to be used as the C compiler (unless it is
+overridden in the site shell script).
+
+`configure' Invocation
+======================
+
+   `configure' recognizes the following options to control how it
+operates.
+
+`--help'
+`-h'
+     Print a summary of the options to `configure', and exit.
+
+`--version'
+`-V'
+     Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the `configure'
+     script, and exit.
+
+`--cache-file=FILE'
+     Enable the cache: use and save the results of the tests in FILE,
+     traditionally `config.cache'.  FILE defaults to `/dev/null' to
+     disable caching.
+
+`--config-cache'
+`-C'
+     Alias for `--cache-file=config.cache'.
+
+`--quiet'
+`--silent'
+`-q'
+     Do not print messages saying which checks are being made.  To
+     suppress all normal output, redirect it to `/dev/null' (any error
+     messages will still be shown).
+
+`--srcdir=DIR'
+     Look for the package's source code in directory DIR.  Usually
+     `configure' can determine that directory automatically.
+
+`configure' also accepts some other, not widely useful, options.  Run
+`configure --help' for more details.
+

Makefile.am

+## Process this file with automake to produce Makefile.in
+
+ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS = -I m4
+
+SUBDIRS = src
+
+EXTRA_DIST =                                                                 \
+  autogen.sh                                                                 \
+  generate_descriptor_proto.sh                                               \
+  README.txt                                                                 \
+  INSTALL.txt                                                                \
+  COPYING.txt                                                                \
+  CONTRIBUTORS.txt                                                           \
+  CHANGES.txt                                                                \
+  editors/README.txt                                                         \
+  editors/proto.vim                                                          \
+  vsprojects/config.h                                                        \
+  vsprojects/extract_includes.bat                                            \
+  vsprojects/libprotobuf.vcproj                                              \
+  vsprojects/libprotoc.vcproj                                                \
+  vsprojects/protobuf.sln                                                    \
+  vsprojects/protoc.vcproj                                                   \
+  vsprojects/readme.txt                                                      \
+  vsprojects/tests.vcproj                                                    \
+  vsprojects/convert2008to2005.sh                                            \
+  examples/README.txt                                                        \
+  examples/Makefile                                                          \
+  examples/addressbook.proto                                                 \
+  examples/add_person.cc                                                     \
+  examples/list_people.cc                                                    \
+  examples/AddPerson.java                                                    \
+  examples/ListPeople.java                                                   \
+  examples/add_person.py                                                     \
+  examples/list_people.py                                                    \
+  java/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/AbstractMessage.java                \
+  java/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/ByteString.java                     \
+  java/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/CodedInputStream.java               \
+  java/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/CodedOutputStream.java              \
+  java/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/Descriptors.java                    \
+  java/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/DynamicMessage.java                 \
+  java/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/ExtensionRegistry.java              \
+  java/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/FieldSet.java                       \
+  java/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/GeneratedMessage.java               \
+  java/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/InvalidProtocolBufferException.java \
+  java/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/Message.java                        \
+  java/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/RpcCallback.java                    \
+  java/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/RpcChannel.java                     \
+  java/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/RpcController.java                  \
+  java/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/RpcUtil.java                        \
+  java/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/Service.java                        \
+  java/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/TextFormat.java                     \
+  java/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/UninitializedMessageException.java  \
+  java/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/UnknownFieldSet.java                \
+  java/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/WireFormat.java                     \
+  java/src/test/java/com/google/protobuf/AbstractMessageTest.java            \
+  java/src/test/java/com/google/protobuf/CodedInputStreamTest.java           \
+  java/src/test/java/com/google/protobuf/CodedOutputStreamTest.java          \
+  java/src/test/java/com/google/protobuf/DescriptorsTest.java                \
+  java/src/test/java/com/google/protobuf/DynamicMessageTest.java             \
+  java/src/test/java/com/google/protobuf/GeneratedMessageTest.java           \
+  java/src/test/java/com/google/protobuf/MessageTest.java                    \
+  java/src/test/java/com/google/protobuf/ServiceTest.java                    \
+  java/src/test/java/com/google/protobuf/TestUtil.java                       \
+  java/src/test/java/com/google/protobuf/TextFormatTest.java                 \
+  java/src/test/java/com/google/protobuf/UnknownFieldSetTest.java            \
+  java/src/test/java/com/google/protobuf/WireFormatTest.java                 \
+  java/src/test/java/com/google/protobuf/multiple_files_test.proto           \
+  java/pom.xml                                                               \
+  java/README.txt                                                            \
+  python/google/protobuf/internal/generator_test.py                          \
+  python/google/protobuf/internal/decoder.py                                 \
+  python/google/protobuf/internal/decoder_test.py                            \
+  python/google/protobuf/internal/descriptor_test.py                         \
+  python/google/protobuf/internal/encoder.py                                 \
+  python/google/protobuf/internal/encoder_test.py                            \
+  python/google/protobuf/internal/input_stream.py                            \
+  python/google/protobuf/internal/input_stream_test.py                       \
+  python/google/protobuf/internal/message_listener.py                        \
+  python/google/protobuf/internal/more_extensions.proto                      \
+  python/google/protobuf/internal/more_messages.proto                        \
+  python/google/protobuf/internal/output_stream.py                           \
+  python/google/protobuf/internal/output_stream_test.py                      \
+  python/google/protobuf/internal/reflection_test.py                         \
+  python/google/protobuf/internal/service_reflection_test.py                 \
+  python/google/protobuf/internal/test_util.py                               \
+  python/google/protobuf/internal/text_format_test.py                        \
+  python/google/protobuf/internal/wire_format.py                             \
+  python/google/protobuf/internal/wire_format_test.py                        \
+  python/google/protobuf/internal/__init__.py                                \
+  python/google/protobuf/descriptor.py                                       \
+  python/google/protobuf/message.py                                          \
+  python/google/protobuf/reflection.py                                       \
+  python/google/protobuf/service.py                                          \
+  python/google/protobuf/service_reflection.py                               \
+  python/google/protobuf/text_format.py                                      \
+  python/google/protobuf/__init__.py                                         \
+  python/google/__init__.py                                                  \
+  python/ez_setup.py                                                         \
+  python/setup.py                                                            \
+  python/mox.py                                                              \
+  python/stubout.py                                                          \
+  python/README.txt
+
+# Deletes all the files generated by autogen.sh.
+MAINTAINERCLEANFILES =   \
+  aclocal.m4             \
+  config.guess           \
+  config.sub             \
+  configure              \
+  depcomp                \
+  install-sh             \
+  ltmain.sh              \
+  Makefile.in            \
+  missing                \
+  mkinstalldirs          \
+  config.h.in            \
+  stamp.h.in

README.txt

+Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
+Copyright 2008 Google Inc.
+http://code.google.com/apis/protocolbuffers/
+
+BETA WARNING
+============
+
+This package is a beta.  This means that API may change in an
+incompatible way in the future.  It's unlikely that any big changes
+will be made, but we can make no promises.  Expect a non-beta release
+sometime in August 2008.
+
+C++ Installation - Unix
+=======================
+
+To build and install the C++ Protocol Buffer runtime and the Protocol
+Buffer compiler (protoc) execute the following:
+
+  $ ./configure
+  $ make
+  $ make check
+  $ make install
+
+If "make check" fails, you can still install, but it is likely that
+some features of this library will not work correctly on your system.
+Proceed at your own risk.
+
+"make install" may require superuser privileges.
+
+For advanced usage information on configure and make, see INSTALL.txt.
+
+** Hint on insall location **
+
+  By default, the package will be installed to /usr/local.  However,
+  on many platforms, /usr/local/lib is not part of LD_LIBRARY_PATH.
+  You can add it, but it may be easier to just install to /usr
+  instead.  To do this, invoke configure as follows:
+
+    ./configure --prefix=/usr
+
+  If you already built the package with a different prefix, make sure
+  to run "make clean" before building again.
+
+** Note for Solaris users **
+
+  Solaris 10 x86 has a bug that will make linking fail, complaining
+  about libstdc++.la being invalid.  We have included a work-around
+  in this package.  To use the work-around, run configure as follows:
+
+    ./configure LDFLAGS=-L$PWD/src/solaris
+
+  See src/solaris/libstdc++.la for more info on this bug.
+
+C++ Installation - Windows
+==========================
+
+If you are using Micosoft Visual C++, see vsprojects/readme.txt.
+
+If you are using Cygwin or MinGW, follow the Unix installation
+instructions, above.
+
+Java and Python Installation
+============================
+
+The Java and Python runtime libraries for Protocol Buffers are located
+in the java and python directories.  See the README file in each
+directory for more information on how to compile and install them.
+Note that both of them require you to first install the Protocol
+Buffer compiler (protoc), which is part of the C++ package.
+
+Usage
+=====
+
+The complete documentation for Protocol Buffers is available via the
+web at:
+
+  http://code.google.com/apis/protocolbuffers/

autogen.sh

+#!/bin/sh
+
+# Run this script to generate the configure script and other files that will
+# be included in the distribution.  These files are not checked in because they
+# are automatically generated.
+
+# Check that we're being run from the right directory.
+if test ! -e src/google/protobuf/stubs/common.h; then
+  cat >&2 << __EOF__
+Could not find source code.  Make sure you are running this script from the
+root of the distribution tree.
+__EOF__
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+set -ex
+
+rm -rf autom4te.cache
+
+aclocal-1.9 --force -I m4
+libtoolize -c -f
+autoheader -f -W all
+automake-1.9 --foreign -a -c -f -W all
+autoconf -f -W all,no-obsolete
+
+rm -rf autom4te.cache config.h.in~
+exit 0

configure.ac

+## Process this file with autoconf to produce configure.
+## In general, the safest way to proceed is to run ./autogen.sh
+
+AC_PREREQ(2.59)
+
+# Note:  If you change the version, you must also update it in:
+# * java/pom.xml
+# * python/setup.py
+# * src/google/protobuf/stubs/common.h
+AC_INIT(protobuf, 2.0.1-SNAPSHOT, protobuf@googlegroups.com)
+
+AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR(src/google/protobuf/message.cc)
+AM_CONFIG_HEADER(config.h)
+AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE
+
+# Checks for programs.
+AC_PROG_CC
+AC_PROG_CXX
+AC_PROG_LIBTOOL
+AM_CONDITIONAL(GCC, test "$GCC" = yes)   # let the Makefile know if we're gcc
+
+# Checks for header files.
+AC_HEADER_STDC
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS([fcntl.h inttypes.h limits.h stdlib.h unistd.h])
+
+# Checks for library functions.
+AC_FUNC_MEMCMP
+AC_FUNC_STRTOD
+AC_CHECK_FUNCS([ftruncate memset mkdir strchr strerror strtol])
+
+ACX_PTHREAD
+AC_CXX_STL_HASH
+
+AC_OUTPUT( Makefile src/Makefile )

editors/README.txt

+This directory contains syntax highlighting and configuration files for editors
+to properly display Protocol Buffer files.
+
+See each file's header comment for directions on how to use it with the
+appropriate editor.

editors/proto.vim

+" Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
+" Copyright 2008 Google Inc.
+"
+" Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+" you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+" You may obtain a copy of the License at
+"
+"      http:"www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+"
+" Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+" distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+" WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+" See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+" limitations under the License.
+
+" This is the Vim syntax file for Google Protocol Buffers.
+"
+" Usage:
+"
+" 1. cp proto.vim ~/.vim/syntax/
+" 2. Add the following to ~/.vimrc:
+"
+" augroup filetype
+"   au! BufRead,BufNewFile *.proto setfiletype proto
+" augroup end
+"
+" Or just create a new file called ~/.vim/ftdetect/proto.vim with the
+" previous lines on it.
+
+if version < 600
+  syntax clear
+elseif exists("b:current_syntax")
+  finish
+endif
+
+syn case match
+
+syn keyword pbTodo       contained TODO FIXME XXX
+syn cluster pbCommentGrp contains=pbTodo
+
+syn keyword pbSyntax     syntax import option
+syn keyword pbStructure  package message group
+syn keyword pbRepeat     optional required repeated
+syn keyword pbDefault    default
+syn keyword pbExtend     extend extensions to max
+syn keyword pbRPC        service rpc returns
+
+syn keyword pbType      int32 int64 uint32 uint64 sint32 sint64
+syn keyword pbType      fixed32 fixed64 sfixed32 sfixed64
+syn keyword pbType      float double bool string bytes
+syn keyword pbTypedef   enum
+syn keyword pbBool      true false
+
+syn match   pbInt     /-\?\<\d\+\>/
+syn match   pbInt     /\<0[xX]\x+\>/
+syn match   pbFloat   /\<-\?\d*\(\.\d*\)\?/
+" TODO: .proto also supports C-style block comments;
+" see /usr/share/vim/vim70/syntax/c.vim for how it's done.
+syn region  pbComment start="//" skip="\\$" end="$" keepend contains=@pbCommentGrp
+syn region  pbString  start=/"/ skip=/\\"/ end=/"/
+syn region  pbString  start=/'/ skip=/\\'/ end=/'/
+
+if version >= 508 || !exists("did_proto_syn_inits")
+  if version < 508
+    let did_proto_syn_inits = 1
+    command -nargs=+ HiLink hi link <args>
+  else
+    command -nargs=+ HiLink hi def link <args>
+  endif
+
+  HiLink pbTodo         Todo
+
+  HiLink pbSyntax       Include
+  HiLink pbStructure    Structure
+  HiLink pbRepeat       Repeat
+  HiLink pbDefault      Keyword
+  HiLink pbExtend       Keyword
+  HiLink pbRPC          Keyword
+  HiLink pbType         Type
+  HiLink pbTypedef      Typedef
+  HiLink pbBool         Boolean
+
+  HiLink pbInt          Number
+  HiLink pbFloat        Float
+  HiLink pbComment      Comment
+  HiLink pbString       String
+
+  delcommand HiLink
+endif
+
+let b:current_syntax = "proto"

examples/AddPerson.java

+// See README.txt for information and build instructions.
+
+import com.example.tutorial.AddressBookProtos.AddressBook;
+import com.example.tutorial.AddressBookProtos.Person;
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+
+class AddPerson {
+  // This function fills in a Person message based on user input.
+  static Person PromptForAddress(BufferedReader stdin,
+                                 PrintStream stdout) throws IOException {
+    Person.Builder person = Person.newBuilder();
+
+    stdout.print("Enter person ID: ");
+    person.setId(Integer.valueOf(stdin.readLine()));
+
+    stdout.print("Enter name: ");
+    person.setName(stdin.readLine());
+
+    stdout.print("Enter email address (blank for none): ");
+    String email = stdin.readLine();
+    if (email.length() > 0) {
+      person.setEmail(email);
+    }
+
+    while (true) {
+      stdout.print("Enter a phone number (or leave blank to finish): ");
+      String number = stdin.readLine();
+      if (number.length() == 0) {
+        break;
+      }
+
+      Person.PhoneNumber.Builder phoneNumber =
+        Person.PhoneNumber.newBuilder().setNumber(number);
+
+      stdout.print("Is this a mobile, home, or work phone? ");
+      String type = stdin.readLine();
+      if (type.equals("mobile")) {
+        phoneNumber.setType(Person.PhoneType.MOBILE);
+      } else if (type.equals("home")) {
+        phoneNumber.setType(Person.PhoneType.HOME);
+      } else if (type.equals("work")) {
+        phoneNumber.setType(Person.PhoneType.WORK);
+      } else {
+        stdout.println("Unknown phone type.  Using default.");
+      }
+
+      person.addPhone(phoneNumber);
+    }
+
+    return person.build();
+  }
+
+  // Main function:  Reads the entire address book from a file,
+  //   adds one person based on user input, then writes it back out to the same
+  //   file.
+  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+    if (args.length != 1) {
+      System.err.println("Usage:  AddPerson ADDRESS_BOOK_FILE");
+      System.exit(-1);
+    }
+
+    AddressBook.Builder addressBook = AddressBook.newBuilder();
+
+    // Read the existing address book.
+    try {
+      FileInputStream input = new FileInputStream(args[0]);
+      addressBook.mergeFrom(input);
+      input.close();
+    } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+      System.out.println(args[0] + ": File not found.  Creating a new file.");
+    }
+
+    // Add an address.
+    addressBook.addPerson(
+      PromptForAddress(new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)),
+                       System.out));
+
+    // Write the new address book back to disk.
+    FileOutputStream output = new FileOutputStream(args[0]);
+    addressBook.build().writeTo(output);
+    output.close();
+  }
+}

examples/ListPeople.java

+// See README.txt for information and build instructions.
+
+import com.example.tutorial.AddressBookProtos.AddressBook;
+import com.example.tutorial.AddressBookProtos.Person;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+
+class ListPeople {
+  // Iterates though all people in the AddressBook and prints info about them.
+  static void Print(AddressBook addressBook) {
+    for (Person person: addressBook.getPersonList()) {
+      System.out.println("Person ID: " + person.getId());
+      System.out.println("  Name: " + person.getName());
+      if (person.hasEmail()) {
+        System.out.println("  E-mail address: " + person.getEmail());
+      }
+
+      for (Person.PhoneNumber phoneNumber : person.getPhoneList()) {
+        switch (phoneNumber.getType()) {
+          case MOBILE:
+            System.out.print("  Mobile phone #: ");
+            break;
+          case HOME:
+            System.out.print("  Home phone #: ");
+            break;
+          case WORK:
+            System.out.print("  Work phone #: ");
+            break;
+        }
+        System.out.println(phoneNumber.getNumber());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Main function:  Reads the entire address book from a file and prints all
+  //   the information inside.
+  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+    if (args.length != 1) {
+      System.err.println("Usage:  ListPeople ADDRESS_BOOK_FILE");
+      System.exit(-1);
+    }
+
+    // Read the existing address book.
+    AddressBook addressBook =
+      AddressBook.parseFrom(new FileInputStream(args[0]));
+
+    Print(addressBook);
+  }
+}

examples/Makefile

+# See README.txt.
+
+.PHONY: all cpp java python clean
+
+all: cpp java python
+
+cpp:    add_person_cpp    list_people_cpp
+java:   add_person_java   list_people_java
+python: add_person_python list_people_python
+
+clean:
+	rm -f add_person_cpp list_people_cpp add_person_java list_people_java add_person_python list_people_python
+	rm -f javac_middleman AddPerson*.class ListPeople*.class com/example/tutorial/*.class
+	rm -f protoc_middleman addressbook.pb.cc addressbook.pb.h addressbook_pb2.py com/example/tutorial/AddressBookProtos.java
+	rm -f *.pyc
+	rmdir com/example/tutorial 2>/dev/null || true
+	rmdir com/example 2>/dev/null || true
+	rmdir com 2>/dev/null || true
+
+protoc_middleman: addressbook.proto
+	protoc --cpp_out=. --java_out=. --python_out=. addressbook.proto
+	@touch protoc_middleman
+
+add_person_cpp: add_person.cc protoc_middleman
+	c++ add_person.cc addressbook.pb.cc -lprotobuf -o add_person_cpp
+
+list_people_cpp: list_people.cc protoc_middleman
+	c++ list_people.cc addressbook.pb.cc -lprotobuf -o list_people_cpp
+
+javac_middleman: AddPerson.java ListPeople.java protoc_middleman
+	javac AddPerson.java ListPeople.java com/example/tutorial/AddressBookProtos.java
+	@touch javac_middleman
+
+add_person_java: javac_middleman
+	@echo "Writing shortcut script add_person_java..."
+	@echo '#! /bin/sh' > add_person_java
+	@echo 'java -classpath .:$$CLASSPATH AddPerson "$$@"' >> add_person_java
+	@chmod +x add_person_java
+
+list_people_java: javac_middleman
+	@echo "Writing shortcut script list_people_java..."
+	@echo '#! /bin/sh' > list_people_java
+	@echo 'java -classpath .:$$CLASSPATH ListPeople "$$@"' >> list_people_java
+	@chmod +x list_people_java
+
+add_person_python: add_person.py protoc_middleman
+	@echo "Writing shortcut script add_person_python..."
+	@echo '#! /bin/sh' > add_person_python
+	@echo './add_person.py "$$@"' >> add_person_python
+	@chmod +x add_person_python
+
+list_people_python: list_people.py protoc_middleman
+	@echo "Writing shortcut script list_people_python..."
+	@echo '#! /bin/sh' > list_people_python
+	@echo './list_people.py "$$@"' >> list_people_python
+	@chmod +x list_people_python

examples/README.txt

+This directory contains example code that uses Protocol Buffers to manage an
+address book.  Two programs are provided, each with three different
+implementations, one written in each of C++, Java, and Python.  The add_person
+example adds a new person to an address book, prompting the user to input
+the person's information.  The list_people example lists people already in the
+address book.  The examples use the exact same format in all three languages,
+so you can, for example, use add_person_java to create an address book and then
+use list_people_python to read it.
+
+You must install the protobuf package before you can build these.
+
+To build all the examples (on a unix-like system), simply run "make".  This
+creates the following executable files in the current directory:
+  add_person_cpp     list_people_cpp
+  add_person_java    list_people_java
+  add_person_python  list_people_python
+
+If you only want to compile examples in one language, use "make cpp",
+"make java", or "make python".
+
+All of these programs simply take an address book file as their parameter.
+The add_person programs will create the file if it doesn't already exist.
+
+These examples are part of the Protocol Buffers tutorial, located at:
+  http://code.google.com/apis/protocolbuffers/docs/tutorials.html

examples/add_person.cc

+// See README.txt for information and build instructions.
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <string>
+#include "addressbook.pb.h"
+using namespace std;
+
+// This function fills in a Person message based on user input.
+void PromptForAddress(tutorial::Person* person) {
+  cout << "Enter person ID number: ";
+  int id;
+  cin >> id;
+  person->set_id(id);
+  cin.ignore(256, '\n');
+
+  cout << "Enter name: ";
+  getline(cin, *person->mutable_name());
+
+  cout << "Enter email address (blank for none): ";
+  string email;
+  getline(cin, email);
+  if (!email.empty()) {
+    person->set_email(email);
+  }
+
+  while (true) {
+    cout << "Enter a phone number (or leave blank to finish): ";
+    string number;
+    getline(cin, number);
+    if (number.empty()) {
+      break;
+    }
+
+    tutorial::Person::PhoneNumber* phone_number = person->add_phone();
+    phone_number->set_number(number);
+
+    cout << "Is this a mobile, home, or work phone? ";
+    string type;
+    getline(cin, type);
+    if (type == "mobile") {
+      phone_number->set_type(tutorial::Person::MOBILE);
+    } else if (type == "home") {
+      phone_number->set_type(tutorial::Person::HOME);
+    } else if (type == "work") {
+      phone_number->set_type(tutorial::Person::WORK);
+    } else {
+      cout << "Unknown phone type.  Using default." << endl;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Main function:  Reads the entire address book from a file,
+//   adds one person based on user input, then writes it back out to the same
+//   file.
+int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
+  // Verify that the version of the library that we linked against is
+  // compatible with the version of the headers we compiled against.
+  GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_VERIFY_VERSION;
+
+  if (argc != 2) {
+    cerr << "Usage:  " << argv[0] << " ADDRESS_BOOK_FILE" << endl;
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  tutorial::AddressBook address_book;
+
+  {
+    // Read the existing address book.
+    fstream input(argv[1], ios::in | ios::binary);
+    if (!input) {
+      cout << argv[1] << ": File not found.  Creating a new file." << endl;
+    } else if (!address_book.ParseFromIstream(&input)) {
+      cerr << "Failed to parse address book." << endl;
+      return -1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Add an address.
+  PromptForAddress(address_book.add_person());
+
+  {
+    // Write the new address book back to disk.
+    fstream output(argv[1], ios::out | ios::trunc | ios::binary);
+    if (!address_book.SerializeToOstream(&output)) {
+      cerr << "Failed to write address book." << endl;
+      return -1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}

examples/add_person.py

+#! /usr/bin/python
+
+# See README.txt for information and build instructions.
+
+import addressbook_pb2
+import sys
+
+# This function fills in a Person message based on user input.
+def PromptForAddress(person):
+  person.id = int(raw_input("Enter person ID number: "))
+  person.name = raw_input("Enter name: ")
+
+  email = raw_input("Enter email address (blank for none): ")
+  if email != "":
+    person.email = email
+
+  while True:
+    number = raw_input("Enter a phone number (or leave blank to finish): ")
+    if number == "":
+      break
+
+    phone_number = person.phone.add()
+    phone_number.number = number
+
+    type = raw_input("Is this a mobile, home, or work phone? ")
+    if type == "mobile":
+      phone_number.type = addressbook_pb2.Person.MOBILE
+    elif type == "home":
+      phone_number.type = addressbook_pb2.Person.HOME
+    elif type == "work":
+      phone_number.type = addressbook_pb2.Person.WORK
+    else:
+      print "Unknown phone type; leaving as default value."
+
+# Main procedure:  Reads the entire address book from a file,
+#   adds one person based on user input, then writes it back out to the same
+#   file.
+if len(sys.argv) != 2:
+  print "Usage:", sys.argv[0], "ADDRESS_BOOK_FILE"
+  sys.exit(-1)
+
+address_book = addressbook_pb2.AddressBook()
+
+# Read the existing address book.
+try:
+  f = open(sys.argv[1], "rb")
+  address_book.ParseFromString(f.read())
+  f.close()
+except IOError:
+  print sys.argv[1] + ": File not found.  Creating a new file."
+
+# Add an address.
+PromptForAddress(address_book.person.add())
+
+# Write the new address book back to disk.
+f = open(sys.argv[1], "wb")
+f.write(address_book.SerializeToString())
+f.close()

examples/addressbook.proto

+// See README.txt for information and build instructions.
+
+package tutorial;
+
+option java_package = "com.example.tutorial";
+option java_outer_classname = "AddressBookProtos";
+
+message Person {
+  required string name = 1;
+  required int32 id = 2;        // Unique ID number for this person.
+  optional string email = 3;
+
+  enum PhoneType {
+    MOBILE = 0;
+    HOME = 1;
+    WORK = 2;
+  }
+
+  message PhoneNumber {
+    required string number = 1;
+    optional PhoneType type = 2 [default = HOME];
+  }
+
+  repeated PhoneNumber phone = 4;
+}
+
+// Our address book file is just one of these.
+message AddressBook {
+  repeated Person person = 1;
+}

examples/list_people.cc

+// See README.txt for information and build instructions.
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <string>
+#include "addressbook.pb.h"
+using namespace std;
+
+// Iterates though all people in the AddressBook and prints info about them.
+void ListPeople(const tutorial::AddressBook& address_book) {
+  for (int i = 0; i < address_book.person_size(); i++) {
+    const tutorial::Person& person = address_book.person(i);
+
+    cout << "Person ID: " << person.id() << endl;
+    cout << "  Name: " << person.name() << endl;
+    if (person.has_email()) {
+      cout << "  E-mail address: " << person.email() << endl;
+    }
+
+    for (int j = 0; j < person.phone_size(); j++) {
+      const tutorial::Person::PhoneNumber& phone_number = person.phone(j);
+
+      switch (phone_number.type()) {
+        case tutorial::Person::MOBILE:
+          cout << "  Mobile phone #: ";
+          break;
+        case tutorial::Person::HOME:
+          cout << "  Home phone #: ";
+          break;
+        case tutorial::Person::WORK:
+          cout << "  Work phone #: ";
+          break;
+      }
+      cout << phone_number.number() << endl;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Main function:  Reads the entire address book from a file and prints all
+//   the information inside.
+int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
+  // Verify that the version of the library that we linked against is
+  // compatible with the version of the headers we compiled against.
+  GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_VERIFY_VERSION;
+
+  if (argc != 2) {
+    cerr << "Usage:  " << argv[0] << " ADDRESS_BOOK_FILE" << endl;
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  tutorial::AddressBook address_book;
+
+  {
+    // Read the existing address book.
+    fstream input(argv[1], ios::in | ios::binary);
+    if (!address_book.ParseFromIstream(&input)) {
+      cerr << "Failed to parse address book." << endl;
+      return -1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  ListPeople(address_book);
+
+  return 0;
+}

examples/list_people.py

+#! /usr/bin/python
+
+# See README.txt for information and build instructions.
+
+import addressbook_pb2
+import sys
+
+# Iterates though all people in the AddressBook and prints info about them.
+def ListPeople(address_book):
+  for person in address_book.person:
+    print "Person ID:", person.id
+    print "  Name:", person.name
+    if person.HasField('email'):
+      print "  E-mail address:", person.email
+
+    for phone_number in person.phone:
+      if phone_number.type == addressbook_pb2.Person.MOBILE:
+        print "  Mobile phone #: ",
+      elif phone_number.type == addressbook_pb2.Person.HOME:
+        print "  Home phone #: ",
+      elif phone_number.type == addressbook_pb2.Person.WORK:
+        print "  Work phone #: ",
+      print phone_number.number
+
+# Main procedure:  Reads the entire address book from a file and prints all
+#   the information inside.
+if len(sys.argv) != 2:
+  print "Usage:", sys.argv[0], "ADDRESS_BOOK_FILE"
+  sys.exit(-1)
+
+address_book = addressbook_pb2.AddressBook()
+
+# Read the existing address book.
+f = open(sys.argv[1], "rb")
+address_book.ParseFromString(f.read())
+f.close()
+
+ListPeople(address_book)

generate_descriptor_proto.sh

+#!/bin/sh
+
+# Run this script to regenerate descriptor.pb.{h,cc} after the protocol
+# compiler changes.  Since these files are compiled into the protocol compiler
+# itself, they cannot be generated automatically by a make rule.  "make check"
+# will fail if these files do not match what the protocol compiler would
+# generate.
+
+if test ! -e src/google/protobuf/stubs/common.h; then
+  cat >&2 << __EOF__
+Could not find source code.  Make sure you are running this script from the
+root of the distribution tree.
+__EOF__
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+if test ! -e src/Makefile; then
+  cat >&2 << __EOF__
+Could not find src/Makefile.  You must run ./configure (and perhaps
+./autogen.sh) first.
+__EOF__
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+pushd src
+make protoc && ./protoc --cpp_out=dllexport_decl=LIBPROTOBUF_EXPORT:. google/protobuf/descriptor.proto
+popd

java/README.txt

+Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
+Copyright 2008 Google Inc.
+
+This directory contains the Java Protocol Buffers runtime library.
+
+Installation - With Maven
+=========================
+
+The Protocol Buffers build is managed using Maven.  If you would
+rather build without Maven, see the next section.
+
+1) Install Apache Maven if you don't have it:
+
+     http://maven.apache.org/
+
+2) Build the C++ code, or obtain a binary distribution of protoc.  If
+   you install a binary distribution, make sure that it is the same
+   version as this package.  If in doubt, run:
+
+     $ protoc --version
+
+   You will need to place the protoc executable in ../src.  (If you
+   built it yourself, it should already be there.)
+
+3) Run the tests:
+
+     $ mvn test
+
+   If some tests fail, this library may not work correctly on your
+   system.  Continue at your own risk.
+
+4) Install the library into your Maven repository:
+
+     $ mvn install
+
+5) If you do not use Maven to manage your own build, you can build a
+   .jar file to use:
+
+     $ mvn package
+
+   The .jar will be placed in the "target" directory.
+
+Installation - Without Maven
+============================
+
+If you would rather not install Maven to build the library, you may
+follow these instructions instead.  Note that these instructions skip
+running unit tests.
+
+1) Build the C++ code, or obtain a binary distribution of protoc.  If
+   you install a binary distribution, make sure that it is the same
+   version as this package.  If in doubt, run:
+
+     $ protoc --version
+
+   If you built the C++ code without installing, the compiler binary
+   should be located in ../src.
+
+2) Invoke protoc to build DescriptorProtos.java:
+
+     $ protoc --java_out=src/main/java -I../src \
+         ../src/google/protobuf/descriptor.proto
+
+3) Compile the code in src/main/java using whatever means you prefer.
+
+4) Install the classes wherever you prefer.
+
+Usage
+=====
+
+The complete documentation for Protocol Buffers is available via the
+web at:
+
+  http://code.google.com/apis/protocolbuffers/

java/pom.xml

+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
+  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+  xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd">
+  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
+  <!-- This is commented until the parent can be deployed to a repository. -->
+  <!--
+    <parent>
+    <groupId>com</groupId>
+    <artifactId>google</artifactId>
+    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+    </parent>
+  -->
+  <groupId>com.google.protobuf</groupId>
+  <artifactId>protobuf-java</artifactId>
+  <version>2.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
+  <packaging>jar</packaging>
+  <name>Protocol Buffer Java API</name>
+  <description>
+    Protocol Buffers are a way of encoding structured data in an efficient yet
+    extensible format.
+  </description>
+  <inceptionYear>2008</inceptionYear>
+  <url>http://code.google.com/p/protobuf</url>
+  <licenses>
+    <license>
+      <name>The Apache Software License, Version 2.0</name>
+      <url>http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.txt</url>
+      <distribution>repo</distribution>
+    </license>
+  </licenses>
+  <scm>
+    <url>http://code.google.com/p/protobuf/source/browse</url>
+    <connection>
+      scm:svn:http://protobuf.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/
+    </connection>
+  </scm>
+  <dependencies>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>junit</groupId>
+      <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
+      <version>4.4</version>
+      <scope>test</scope>
+    </dependency>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>org.easymock</groupId>
+      <artifactId>easymock</artifactId>
+      <version>2.2</version>
+      <scope>test</scope>
+    </dependency>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>org.easymock</groupId>
+      <artifactId>easymockclassextension</artifactId>
+      <version>2.2.1</version>
+      <scope>test</scope>
+    </dependency>
+  </dependencies>
+  <build>
+    <plugins>
+      <plugin>
+        <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
+        <configuration>
+          <source>1.5</source>
+          <target>1.5</target>
+        </configuration>
+      </plugin>
+      <plugin>
+        <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
+        <configuration>
+          <includes>
+            <include>**/*Test.java</include>
+          </includes>
+        </configuration>
+      </plugin>
+      <plugin>
+        <artifactId>maven-antrun-plugin</artifactId>
+        <executions>
+          <execution>
+            <id>generate-sources</id>
+            <phase>generate-sources</phase>
+            <configuration>
+              <tasks>
+                <mkdir dir="target/generated-sources" />
+                <exec executable="../src/protoc">
+                  <arg value="--java_out=target/generated-sources" />
+                  <arg value="--proto_path=../src" />
+                  <arg value="../src/google/protobuf/descriptor.proto" />
+                </exec>
+              </tasks>
+              <sourceRoot>target/generated-sources</sourceRoot>
+            </configuration>
+            <goals>
+              <goal>run</goal>
+            </goals>
+          </execution>
+          <execution>
+            <id>generate-test-sources</id>
+            <phase>generate-test-sources</phase>
+            <configuration>
+              <tasks>
+                <mkdir dir="target/generated-test-sources" />
+                <exec executable="../src/protoc">
+                  <arg value="--java_out=target/generated-test-sources" />
+                  <arg value="--proto_path=../src" />
+                  <arg value="--proto_path=src/test/java" />
+                  <arg value="../src/google/protobuf/unittest.proto" />
+                  <arg value="../src/google/protobuf/unittest_import.proto" />
+                  <arg value="../src/google/protobuf/unittest_mset.proto" />
+                  <arg
+                    value="src/test/java/com/google/protobuf/multiple_files_test.proto" />
+                  <arg
+                    value="../src/google/protobuf/unittest_optimize_for.proto" />
+                </exec>
+              </tasks>
+              <testSourceRoot>target/generated-test-sources</testSourceRoot>
+            </configuration>
+            <goals>
+              <goal>run</goal>
+            </goals>
+          </execution>
+        </executions>
+      </plugin>
+    </plugins>
+  </build>
+</project>

java/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/ByteString.java

+// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
+// Copyright 2008 Google Inc.
+// http://code.google.com/p/protobuf/
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package com.google.protobuf;
+
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.FilterOutputStream;
+import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
+
+/**
+ * Immutable array of bytes.
+ *
+ * @author crazybob@google.com Bob Lee
+ * @author kenton@google.com Kenton Varda
+ */
+public final class ByteString {
+  private final byte[] bytes;
+
+  private ByteString(byte[] bytes) {
+    this.bytes = bytes;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the byte at the given index.
+   *
+   * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException {@code index} is < 0 or >= size
+   */
+  public byte byteAt(int index) {
+    return bytes[index];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the number of bytes.
+   */
+  public int size() {
+    return this.bytes.length;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns {@code true} if the size is {@code 0}, {@code false} otherwise.
+   */
+  public boolean isEmpty() {
+    return this.bytes.length == 0;
+  }
+
+  // =================================================================
+  // byte[] -> ByteString
+
+  /**
+   * Empty ByteString.
+   */
+  public static final ByteString EMPTY = new ByteString(new byte[0]);
+
+  /**
+   * Copies the given bytes into a {@code ByteString}.
+   */
+  public static ByteString copyFrom(byte[] bytes, int offset, int size) {
+    byte[] copy = new byte[size];
+    System.arraycopy(bytes, offset, copy, 0, size);
+    return new ByteString(copy);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Copies the given bytes into a {@code ByteString}.
+   */
+  public static ByteString copyFrom(byte[] bytes) {
+    return copyFrom(bytes, 0, bytes.length);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Encodes {@code text} into a sequence of bytes using the named charset
+   * and returns the result as a {@code ByteString}.
+   */
+  public static ByteString copyFrom(String text, String charsetName)
+      throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+    return new ByteString(text.getBytes(charsetName));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Encodes {@code text} into a sequence of UTF-8 bytes and returns the
+   * result as a {@code ByteString}.
+   */
+  public static ByteString copyFromUtf8(String text) {
+    try {
+      return new ByteString(text.getBytes("UTF-8"));
+    } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException("UTF-8 not supported?", e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // =================================================================
+  // ByteString -> byte[]
+
+  /**
+   * Copies bytes into a buffer at the given offset.
+   *
+   * @param target buffer to copy into
+   * @param offset in the target buffer
+   */
+  public void copyTo(byte[] target, int offset) {
+    System.arraycopy(bytes, 0, target, offset, bytes.length);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Copies bytes into a buffer.
+   *
+   * @param target buffer to copy into
+   * @param sourceOffset offset within these bytes
+   * @param targetOffset offset within the target buffer
+   * @param size number of bytes to copy
+   */
+  public void copyTo(byte[] target, int sourceOffset, int targetOffset,
+      int size) {
+    System.arraycopy(bytes, sourceOffset, target, targetOffset, size);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Copies bytes to a {@code byte[]}.
+   */
+  public byte[] toByteArray() {
+    int size = this.bytes.length;
+    byte[] copy = new byte[size];
+    System.arraycopy(this.bytes, 0, copy, 0, size);
+    return copy;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Constructs a new {@code String} by decoding the bytes using the
+   * specified charset.
+   */
+  public String toString(String charsetName)
+      throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+    return new String(this.bytes, charsetName);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Constructs a new {@code String} by decoding the bytes as UTF-8.
+   */
+  public String toStringUtf8() {
+    try {
+      return new String(this.bytes, "UTF-8");
+    } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException("UTF-8 not supported?", e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // =================================================================
+  // equals() and hashCode()
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean equals(Object o) {
+    if (o == this) {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    if (!(o instanceof ByteString)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    ByteString other = (ByteString) o;
+    int size = this.bytes.length;
+    if (size != other.bytes.length) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    byte[] bytes = this.bytes;
+    byte[] otherBytes = other.bytes;
+    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+      if (bytes[i] != otherBytes[i]) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  volatile int hash = 0;
+
+  @Override
+  public int hashCode() {
+    int h = this.hash;
+
+    if (h == 0) {
+      byte[] bytes = this.bytes;
+      int size = this.bytes.length;
+
+      h = size;
+      for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        h = h * 31 + bytes[i];
+      }
+      if (h == 0) {
+        h = 1;
+      }
+
+      this.hash = h;
+    }
+
+    return h;
+  }
+
+  // =================================================================
+  // Input stream
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an {@code InputStream} which can be used to read the bytes.
+   */
+  public InputStream newInput() {
+    return new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a {@link CodedInputStream} which can be used to read the bytes.
+   * Using this is more efficient than creating a {@link CodedInputStream}
+   * wrapping the result of {@link #newInput()}.
+   */
+  public CodedInputStream newCodedInput() {
+    // We trust CodedInputStream not to modify the bytes, or to give anyone
+    // else access to them.
+    return CodedInputStream.newInstance(bytes);
+  }
+
+  // =================================================================
+  // Output stream
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a new {@link Output} with the given initial capacity.
+   */
+  public static Output newOutput(int initialCapacity) {
+    return new Output(new ByteArrayOutputStream(initialCapacity));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a new {@link Output}.
+   */
+  public static Output newOutput() {
+    return newOutput(32);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Outputs to a {@code ByteString} instance. Call {@link #toByteString()} to
+   * create the {@code ByteString} instance.
+   */
+  public static final class Output extends FilterOutputStream {
+    private final ByteArrayOutputStream bout;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new output with the given initial capacity.
+     */
+    private Output(ByteArrayOutputStream bout) {
+      super(bout);
+      this.bout = bout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a {@code ByteString} instance from this {@code Output}.
+     */
+    public ByteString toByteString() {
+      byte[] byteArray = bout.toByteArray();
+      return new ByteString(byteArray);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Constructs a new ByteString builder, which allows you to efficiently
+   * construct a {@code ByteString} by writing to a {@link CodedOutputSteam}.
+   * Using this is much more efficient than calling {@code newOutput()} and
+   * wrapping that in a {@code CodedOutputStream}.
+   *
+   * <p>This is package-private because it's a somewhat confusing interface.
+   * Users can call {@link Message#toByteString()} instead of calling this
+   * directly.
+   *
+   * @param size The target byte size of the {@code ByteString}.  You must
+   *             write exactly this many bytes before building the result.
+   */
+  static CodedBuilder newCodedBuilder(int size) {
+    return new CodedBuilder(size);
+  }
+
+  /** See {@link ByteString#newCodedBuilder(int)}. */
+  static final class CodedBuilder {
+    private final CodedOutputStream output;
+    private final byte[] buffer;
+
+    private CodedBuilder(int size) {
+      buffer = new byte[size];
+      output = CodedOutputStream.newInstance(buffer);
+    }
+
+    public ByteString build() {
+      output.checkNoSpaceLeft();
+
+      // We can be confident that the CodedOutputStream will not modify the
+      // underlying bytes anymore because it already wrote all of them.  So,
+      // no need to make a copy.
+      return new ByteString(buffer);
+    }
+
+    public CodedOutputStream getCodedOutput() {
+      return output;
+    }
+  }
+}

java/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/ExtensionRegistry.java

+// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
+// Copyright 2008 Google Inc.
+// http://code.google.com/p/protobuf/
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package com.google.protobuf;
+
+import com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.Descriptor;
+import com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.FieldDescriptor;
+
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * A table of known extensions, searchable by name or field number.  When
+ * parsing a protocol message that might have extensions, you must provide
+ * an {@code ExtensionRegistry} in which you have registered any extensions
+ * that you want to be able to parse.  Otherwise, those extensions will just
+ * be treated like unknown fields.
+ *
+ * <p>For example, if you had the {@code .proto} file:
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * option java_class = "MyProto";
+ *
+ * message Foo {
+ *   extensions 1000 to max;
+ * }
+ *
+ * extend Foo {
+ *   optional int32 bar;
+ * }
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * Then you might write code like:
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * ExtensionRegistry registry = ExtensionRegistry.newInstance();
+ * registry.add(MyProto.bar);
+ * MyProto.Foo message = MyProto.Foo.parseFrom(input, registry);
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * <p>Background:
+ *
+ * <p>You might wonder why this is necessary.  Two alternatives might come to
+ * mind.  First, you might imagine a system where generated extensions are
+ * automatically registered when their containing classes are loaded.  This
+ * is a popular technique, but is bad design; among other things, it creates a
+ * situation where behavior can change depending on what classes happen to be
+ * loaded.  It also introduces a security vulnerability, because an
+ * unprivileged class could cause its code to be called unexpectedly from a
+ * privileged class by registering itself as an extension of the right type.
+ *
+ * <p>Another option you might consider is lazy parsing: do not parse an
+ * extension until it is first requested, at which point the caller must
+ * provide a type to use.  This introduces a different set of problems.  First,
+ * it would require a mutex lock any time an extension was accessed, which
+ * would be slow.  Second, corrupt data would not be detected until first
+ * access, at which point it would be much harder to deal with it.  Third, it
+ * could violate the expectation that message objects are immutable, since the
+ * type provided could be any arbitrary message class.  An unpriviledged user
+ * could take advantage of this to inject a mutable object into a message
+ * belonging to priviledged code and create mischief.
+ *
+ * @author kenton@google.com Kenton Varda
+ */
+public final class ExtensionRegistry {
+  /** Construct a new, empty instance. */
+  public static ExtensionRegistry newInstance() {
+    return new ExtensionRegistry(
+      new HashMap<String, ExtensionInfo>(),
+      new HashMap<DescriptorIntPair, ExtensionInfo>());
+  }
+
+  /** Get the unmodifiable singleton empty instance. */
+  public static ExtensionRegistry getEmptyRegistry() {
+    return EMPTY;
+  }
+
+  /** Returns an unmodifiable view of the registry. */
+  public ExtensionRegistry getUnmodifiable() {
+    return new ExtensionRegistry(
+      Collections.unmodifiableMap(extensionsByName),
+      Collections.unmodifiableMap(extensionsByNumber));
+  }
+
+  /** A (Descriptor, Message) pair, returned by lookup methods. */
+  public static final class ExtensionInfo {
+    /** The extension's descriptor. */
+    public final FieldDescriptor descriptor;
+
+    /**
+     * A default instance of the extension's type, if it has a message type.
+     * Otherwise, {@code null}.
+     */
+    public final Message defaultInstance;
+
+    private ExtensionInfo(FieldDescriptor descriptor) {
+      this.descriptor = descriptor;
+      this.defaultInstance = null;
+    }
+    private ExtensionInfo(FieldDescriptor descriptor, Message defaultInstance) {
+      this.descriptor = descriptor;
+      this.defaultInstance = defaultInstance;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Find an extension by fully-qualified field name, in the proto namespace.
+   * I.e. {@code result.descriptor.fullName()} will match {@code fullName} if
+   * a match is found.
+   *
+   * @return Information about the extension if found, or {@code null}
+   *         otherwise.
+   */
+  public ExtensionInfo findExtensionByName(String fullName) {
+    return extensionsByName.get(fullName);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Find an extension by containing type and field number.
+   *
+   * @return Information about the extension if found, or {@code null}
+   *         otherwise.
+   */
+  public ExtensionInfo findExtensionByNumber(Descriptor containingType,
+                                             int fieldNumber) {
+    return extensionsByNumber.get(
+      new DescriptorIntPair(containingType, fieldNumber));
+  }
+
+  /** Add an extension from a generated file to the registry. */
+  public void add(GeneratedMessage.GeneratedExtension<?, ?> extension) {
+    if (extension.getDescriptor().getJavaType() ==
+        FieldDescriptor.JavaType.MESSAGE) {
+      add(new ExtensionInfo(extension.getDescriptor(),
+                            extension.getMessageDefaultInstance()));
+    } else {
+      add(new ExtensionInfo(extension.getDescriptor(), null));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Add a non-message-type extension to the registry by descriptor. */
+  public void add(FieldDescriptor type) {
+    if (type.getJavaType() == FieldDescriptor.JavaType.MESSAGE) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+        "ExtensionRegistry.add() must be provided a default instance when " +
+        "adding an embedded message extension.");
+    }
+    add(new ExtensionInfo(type, null));
+  }
+
+  /** Add a message-type extension to the registry by descriptor. */
+  public void add(FieldDescriptor type, Message defaultInstance) {
+    if (type.getJavaType() != FieldDescriptor.JavaType.MESSAGE) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+        "ExtensionRegistry.add() provided a default instance for a " +
+        "non-message extension.");
+    }
+    add(new ExtensionInfo(type, defaultInstance));
+  }
+
+  // =================================================================
+  // Private stuff.
+
+  private ExtensionRegistry(
+      Map<String, ExtensionInfo> extensionsByName,
+      Map<DescriptorIntPair, ExtensionInfo> extensionsByNumber) {
+    this.extensionsByName = extensionsByName;
+    this.extensionsByNumber = extensionsByNumber;
+  }
+
+  private final Map<String, ExtensionInfo> extensionsByName;
+  private final Map<DescriptorIntPair, ExtensionInfo> extensionsByNumber;
+
+  private static final ExtensionRegistry EMPTY =
+    new ExtensionRegistry(
+      Collections.<String, ExtensionInfo>emptyMap(),
+      Collections.<DescriptorIntPair, ExtensionInfo>emptyMap());
+
+  private void add(ExtensionInfo extension) {
+    if (!extension.descriptor.isExtension()) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+        "ExtensionRegistry.add() was given a FieldDescriptor for a regular " +
+        "(non-extension) field.");
+    }
+
+    extensionsByName.put(extension.descriptor.getFullName(), extension);
+    extensionsByNumber.put(
+      new DescriptorIntPair(extension.descriptor.getContainingType(),
+                            extension.descriptor.getNumber()),
+      extension);
+
+    FieldDescriptor field = extension.descriptor;
+    if (field.getContainingType().getOptions().getMessageSetWireFormat() &&
+        field.getType() == FieldDescriptor.Type.MESSAGE &&
+        field.isOptional() &&
+        field.getExtensionScope() == field.getMessageType()) {
+      // This is an extension of a MessageSet type defined within the extension
+      // type's own scope.  For backwards-compatibility, allow it to be looked
+      // up by type name.
+      extensionsByName.put(field.getMessageType().getFullName(), extension);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** A (GenericDescriptor, int) pair, used as a map key. */
+  private static final class DescriptorIntPair {
+    final Descriptor descriptor;
+    final int number;
+
+    DescriptorIntPair(Descriptor descriptor, int number) {
+      this.descriptor = descriptor;
+      this.number = number;
+    }
+
+    public int hashCode() {
+      return descriptor.hashCode() * ((1 << 16) - 1) + number;
+    }
+    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+      if (!(obj instanceof DescriptorIntPair)) return false;
+      DescriptorIntPair other = (DescriptorIntPair)obj;
+      return descriptor == other.descriptor && number == other.number;
+    }
+  }
+}

java/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/InvalidProtocolBufferException.java

+// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
+// Copyright 2008 Google Inc.
+// http://code.google.com/p/protobuf/
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package com.google.protobuf;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+/**
+ * Thrown when a protocol message being parsed is invalid in some way,
+ * e.g. it contains a malformed varint or a negative byte length.
+ *
+ * @author kenton@google.com Kenton Varda
+ */
+public class InvalidProtocolBufferException extends IOException {
+  public InvalidProtocolBufferException(String description) {
+    super(description);
+  }
+
+  static InvalidProtocolBufferException truncatedMessage() {
+    return new InvalidProtocolBufferException(
+      "While parsing a protocol message, the input ended unexpectedly " +
+      "in the middle of a field.  This could mean either than the " +
+      "input has been truncated or that an embedded message " +
+      "misreported its own length.");
+  }
+
+  static InvalidProtocolBufferException negativeSize() {
+    return new InvalidProtocolBufferException(
+      "CodedInputStream encountered an embedded string or message " +
+      "which claimed to have negative size.");
+  }
+
+  static InvalidProtocolBufferException malformedVarint() {
+    return new InvalidProtocolBufferException(
+      "CodedInputStream encountered a malformed varint.");
+  }
+
+  static InvalidProtocolBufferException invalidTag() {
+    return new InvalidProtocolBufferException(
+      "Protocol message contained an invalid tag (zero).");
+  }
+
+  static InvalidProtocolBufferException invalidEndTag() {
+    return new InvalidProtocolBufferException(
+      "Protocol message end-group tag did not match expected tag.");
+  }
+
+  static InvalidProtocolBufferException invalidWireType() {
+    return new InvalidProtocolBufferException(
+      "Protocol message tag had invalid wire type.");
+  }
+
+  static InvalidProtocolBufferException recursionLimitExceeded() {
+    return new InvalidProtocolBufferException(
+      "Protocol message had too many levels of nesting.  May be malicious.  " +
+      "Use CodedInputStream.setRecursionLimit() to increase the depth limit.");
+  }
+
+  static InvalidProtocolBufferException sizeLimitExceeded() {
+    return new InvalidProtocolBufferException(
+      "Protocol message was too large.  May be malicious.  " +
+      "Use CodedInputStream.setSizeLimit() to increase the size limit.");
+  }
+}

java/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/RpcCallback.java

+// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
+// Copyright 2008 Google Inc.
+// http://code.google.com/p/protobuf/
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package com.google.protobuf;
+
+/**
+ * Interface for an RPC callback, normally called when an RPC completes.
+ * {@code ParameterType} is normally the method's response message type.
+ *
+ * @author kenton@google.com Kenton Varda
+ */
+public interface RpcCallback<ParameterType> {
+  void run(ParameterType parameter);
+}

java/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/RpcChannel.java

+// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
+// Copyright 2008 Google Inc.
+// http://code.google.com/p/protobuf/
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package com.google.protobuf;
+
+/**
+ * <p>Abstract interface for an RPC channel.  An {@code RpcChannel} represents a
+ * communication line to a {@link Service} which can be used to call that
+ * {@link Service}'s methods.  The {@link Service} may be running on another
+ * machine.  Normally, you should not call an {@code RpcChannel} directly, but
+ * instead construct a stub {@link Service} wrapping it.  Example:
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ *   RpcChannel channel = rpcImpl.newChannel("remotehost.example.com:1234");
+ *   RpcController controller = rpcImpl.newController();
+ *   MyService service = MyService.newStub(channel);
+ *   service.myMethod(controller, request, callback);
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * @author kenton@google.com Kenton Varda
+ */
+public interface RpcChannel {
+  /**
+   * Call the given method of the remote service.  This method is similar to
+   * {@code Service.callMethod()} with one important difference:  the caller
+   * decides the types of the {@code Message} objects, not the callee.  The
+   * request may be of any type as long as
+   * {@code request.getDescriptor() == method.getInputType()}.
+   * The response passed to the callback will be of the same type as
+   * {@code responsePrototype} (which must have
+   * {@code getDescriptor() == method.getOutputType()}).
+   */
+  void callMethod(Descriptors.MethodDescriptor method,
+                  RpcController controller,
+                  Message request,
+                  Message responsePrototype,
+                  RpcCallback<Message> done);
+}

python/google/__init__.py

+__import__('pkg_resources').declare_namespace(__name__)