Fix algorithm setter argument validation for uchar(cherry picked from commit e21c6e19)

Made changes to work in cv::Algorithm with parameters of these types.
Also fixed SimpleBlobDetector -- now it can be created by
cv::Algorithm::create and it can work with cv::Algorithm::set/get.

* typo in Algorithm::addParam for 'short' data type which results in segmentation fault on ARM
  on attempt to set type property for FAST using setter inherited from Algorithm
* added short type support to read/write methods
* improved some error messages

made it to give more verbose errors when arguments of wrong types are passed, added setters with types (e.g. setInt, etc)

lot's of changes; nonfree & photo modules added; SIFT & SURF -> nonfree module; Inpainting -> photo; refactored features2d (ORB is still failing tests), optimized brute-force matcher and made it non-template.

added the abstract cv::Algorithm class; low-level exp & fastAtan etc. functions for more efficient SIFT implementation; fixed bug #1521