Add URLs, harmonise formatting, and fix parse error in bibliography (#13228)

* Fixed parse error in bibliography

* Removed extra curly braces

* harmonized whitespace

* changed organisation -> publisher where appropriate. Organisation is intended as the author's organisation, not the publishing.

* harmonized capitalisation and whitespace

* Add links to about 1/3 of references

OpenCV 3.4.4

* samples: rename starter_imagelist.cpp

* samples: rename intelperc_capture.cpp => videocapture_intelperc.cpp

* samples: rename openni_capture.cpp => videocapture_openni.cpp

* samples: rename image_sequence.cpp => videocapture_image_sequence.cpp

* samples: rename gstreamer_pipeline.cpp => videocapture_gstreamer_pipeline.cpp

* samples: rename autofocus.cpp => videocapture_gphoto2_autofocus.cpp

* samples: rename live_detect_qrcode.cpp => qrcode.cpp

* G-API: First steps with tutorial

* G-API Tutorial: First iteration

* G-API port of anisotropic image segmentation tutorial;
* Currently works via OpenCV only;
* Some new kernels have been required.

* G-API Tutorial: added chapters on execution code, inspection, and profiling

* G-API Tutorial: make Fluid kernel headers public

For some reason, these headers were not moved to the public
headers subtree during the initial development. Somehow it even
worked for the existing workloads.

* G-API Tutorial: Fix a couple of issues found during the work

* Introduced Phase & Sqrt kernels, OCV & Fluid versions
* Extended GKernelPackage to allow kernel removal & policies on include()

All the above stuff needs to be tested, tests will be added later

* G-API Tutorial: added chapter on running Fluid backend

* G-API Tutorial: fix a number of issues in the text

* G-API Tutorial - some final updates

- Fixed post-merge issues after Sobel kernel renaming;
- Simplified G-API code a little bit;
- Put a conclusion note in text.

* G-API Tutorial - fix build issues in test/perf targets

Public headers were refactored but tests suites were not updated in time

* G-API Tutorial: Added tests & reference docs on new kernels

* Phase
* Sqrt

* G-API Tutorial: added link to the tutorial from the main module doc

* G-API Tutorial: Added tests on new GKernelPackage functionality

* G-API Tutorial: Extended InRange tests to cover 32F

* G-API Tutorial: Misc fixes

* Avoid building examples when gapi module is not there
* Added a volatile API disclaimer to G-API root documentation page

* G-API Tutorial: Fix perf tests build issue

This change came from master where Fluid kernels are still used
incorrectly.

* G-API Tutorial: Fixed channels support in Sqrt/Phase fluid kernels

Extended tests to cover this case

* G-API Tutorial: Fix text problems found on team review

doc(tutorial_py_fourier_transform): Correct errors in tutorial for integer division and filter symmetry

cap_libv4l depends on an external library (libv4l) yet is still larger
(1966 loc vs 1822 loc).
It was initially introduced copy pasting cap_v4l in order to offload
various color conversions to libv4l.
However nowadays we handle most of the needed color conversions inside
OpenCV. Our own implementation is better tested and (probably) also
better performing. (as it can optionally leverage IPP/ OpenCL)

Currently cap_v4l is better maintained and generally the code is in
better shape. There is however an API
difference in getting unconverted frames:
* on cap_libv4l one need to set `CV_CAP_MODE_GRAY=1` or
`CV_CAP_MODE_YUYV=1`
* on cap_v4l one needs to set `CV_CAP_PROP_CONVERT_RGB=0`

the latter is more flexible though as it also allows accessing undecoded
JPEG images.

fixes #4563

- cv::at => cv::Mat::at()
- removed unnecessary @ref

More accurate pinhole camera calibration with imperfect planar target (#12772)
43 commits:

* Add derivatives with respect to object points

Add an output parameter to calculate derivatives of image points with
respect to 3D coordinates of object points. The output jacobian matrix
is a 2Nx3N matrix where N is the number of points.

This commit introduces incompatibility to old function signature.

* Set zero for dpdo matrix before using

dpdo is a sparse matrix with only non-zero value close to major
diagonal. Set it to zero because only elements near major diagonal are
computed.

* Add jacobian columns to projectPoints()

The output jacobian matrix of derivatives with respect to coordinates of
3D object points are added. This might break callers who assume the
columns of jacobian matrix.

* Adapt test code to updated project functions

The test cases for projectPoints() and cvProjectPoints2() are updated to
fit new function signatures.

* Add accuracy test code for dpdo

* Add badarg test for dpdo

* Add new enum item for new calibration method

CALIB_RELEASE_OBJECT is used to whether to release 3D coordinates of
object points. The method was proposed in: K. H. Strobl and G. Hirzinger.
"More Accurate Pinhole Camera Calibration with Imperfect Planar Target".
In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision
(ICCV 2011), 1st IEEE Workshop on Challenges and Opportunities in Robot
Perception, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 1068-1075, November 2011.

* Add releasing object method into internal function

It's a simple extension of the standard calibration scheme. We choose to
fix the first and last object point and a user-selected fixed point.

* Add interfaces for extended calibration method

* Refine document for calibrateCamera()

When releasing object points, only the z coordinates of the
objectPoints[0].back is fixed.

* Add link to strobl2011iccv paper

* Improve documentation for calibrateCamera()

* Add implementations of wrapping calibrateCamera()

* Add checking for params of new calibration method

If input parameters are not qualified, then fall back to standard
calibration method.

* Add camera calibration method of releasing object

The current implementation is equal to or better than
https://github.com/xoox/calibrel

* Update doc for CALIB_RELEASE_OBJECT

CALIB_USE_QR or CALIB_USE_LU could be used for faster calibration with
potentially less precise and less stable in some rare cases.

* Add RELEASE_OBJECT calibration to tutorial code

To select the calibration method of releasing object points, a command
line parameter `-d=<number>` should be provided.

* Update tutorial doc for camera_calibration

If the method of releasing object points is merged into OpenCV. It will
be expected to be firstly released in 4.1, I think.

* Reduce epsilon for cornerSubPix()

Epsilon of 0.1 is a bigger one. Preciser corner positions are required
with calibration method of releasing object.

* Refine camera calibration tutorial

The hypothesis coordinates are used to indicate which distance must be
measured between two specified object points.

* Update sample calibration code method selection

Similar to camera_calibration tutorial application, a command line
argument `-dt=<number>` is used to select the calibration method.

* Add guard to flags of cvCalibrateCamera2()

cvCalibrateCamera2() doesn't accept CALIB_RELEASE_OBJECT unless overload
interface is added in the future.

* Simplify fallback when iFixedPoint is out of range

* Refactor projectPoints() to keep compatibilities

* Fix arg string "Bad rvecs header"

* Read calibration flags from test data files

Instead of being hard coded into source file, the calibration flags will
be read from test data files.
opencv_extra/testdata/cv/cameracalibration/calib?.dat must be sync with
the test code.

* Add new C interface of cvCalibrateCamera4()

With this new added C interface, the extended calibration method with
CALIB_RELEASE_OBJECT can be called by C API.

* Add regression test of extended calibration method

It has been tested with new added test data in xoox:calib-release-object
branch of opencv_extra.

* Fix assertion in test_cameracalibration.cpp

The total number of refined 3D object coordinates is checked.

* Add checker for iFixedPoint in cvCalibrateCamera4

If iFixedPoint is out of rational range, fall back to standard method.

* Fix documentation for overloaded calibrateCamera()

* Remove calibration flag of CALIB_RELEASE_OBJECT

The method selection is based on the range of the index of fixed point.
For minus values, standard calibration method will be chosen.  Values in
a rational range will make the object-releasing calibration method
selected.

* Use new interfaces instead of function overload

Existing interfaces are preserved and new interfaces are added. Since
most part of the code base are shared, calibrateCamera() is now a
wrapper function of calibrateCameraRO().

* Fix exported name of calibrateCameraRO()

* Update documentation for calibrateCameraRO()

The circumstances where this method is mostly helpful are described.

* Add note on the rigidity of the calibration target

* Update documentation for calibrateCameraRO()

It is clarified that iFixedPoint is used as a switch to select
calibration method. If input data are not qualified, exceptions will be
thrown instead of fallback scheme.

* Clarify iFixedPoint as switch and remove fallback

iFixedPoint is now used as a switch for calibration method selection. No
fallback scheme is utilized anymore. If the input data are not
qualified, exceptions will be thrown.

* Add badarg test for object-releasing method

* Fix document format of sample list

List items of same level should be indented the same way. Otherwise they
will be formatted as nested lists by Doxygen.

* Add brief intro for objectPoints and imagePoints

* Sync tutorial to sample calibration code

* Update tutorial compatibility version to 4.0

Correcting indentation of border type flags

For some mysterious (for me) reason, two lines of the code appears in my browser (Chrome) in the same line.
I've add an "enter" (just pressed enter), but don't know if it's the best solution.

* add new chessboard detector

The chessboar detector is based on the paper.
Accurate Detection and Localization of Checkerboard Corners for
Calibration Alexander Duda, Udo Frese
British Machine Vision Conference, o.A., 2018.

It utilizes point symmetry of checkerboard corners in combination with a
localized Radon transform approximated by box filters to achieve high
performance even on large images. Here, tests have shown that the
ability to localize checkerboard corners is close to the theoretical
limit of 1/100 of a pixel while being considerably less sensitive
to image noise than standard methods.

* chessboard: add reference to bibtex file

* chessboard: add dependency to opencv_flann

* fix: test chesscorners. It is valid to return an empty list

In case no chessboard was detected it should be valid for the detector
to return an empty list.

For simplifcation, it should be allowed to return any number of corners
if they are flagged as not found.

* fix: opencv.bib remove empty lines

* fix: doc findChessboardCorners replace cvSize with cv::Size

* chessboard tests: factor out logic selecting detector

* chessboard: add unit test for findChessboardCorners2

This is includes a new chessboard generator which supports subpix
corners with high accuracy by wrapping an optimal chessboard using
wrapPerspective.

* fix: chessboard unit test - overwrite of default parameter flag of findCirclesGrid

* chessboard: remove trailing whitespace

* chessboard: fix debug drawing

* chessboard: fix some issues during code review

* chessboard: normalize asymmetric chessboard

* chessboard: fix float double warning

* remove trailing whitespace

* chessboards: fix compiler warnings

* chessboards: fix compiler warnings

* checkerboard: some performance improvements

* chessboard: remove NULL macros for language bindinges from internal headers

* chessboard: shorten license terms

* chessboard: remove unused internal method

* chessboard: set helper functions to static

* chessboard: fix normalizePoints1D using unshifted points

* chessboard: remove wrongly copied text

* chessboard: use CV_CheckTypeEQ macro

* chessboard: comment all NaN checks

* chessboard: use consistent color conversion

* chessboard: use CheckChannelEQ macro

* chessboard: assume gray color image for internal methods

* chessboard: use std::swap

* chessboard: use Mat.dataend

* chessboard: fix compiler warnings

* chessboard: replace some checks witch CV_CHECK macro

* chessboard: fix comparison function for partial sort

* chessboard: small cleanup

* chessboard: use short license header

* chessboard: rename findChessboard2 to findChessboardSB

* chessboard: fix type in unit test

find innercircle of contour by using pointPolygonTest: (#12206)

* doc: add new tutorial motion deblur filter

* Update motion_deblur_filter.markdown

a few minor changes

* doc: fix English gramma in tutorial out-of-focus-deblur filter

* Update out_of_focus_deblur_filter.markdown

slightly modified one sentence

except header file with conversion routines (will be removed in OpenCV 4.0)

* Added a mall note describing BUILD_opencv_world cmake option to the Installation in Windows tutorial.

* Made slight changes in BUILD_opencv_world documentation.

* Update windows_install.markdown

improved grammar

OpenCV 3.4.3

Found via `codespell -q 3 -I ../opencv-whitelist.txt --skip="./3rdparty"`

In this tutorial you will learn:
- what is a degradation image model
- what is a PSF of an out-of-focus image
- how to restore a blurred image
- what is the Wiener filter