Add the ensureSimpleDistance() method to ensure the user the returned distance is not ^2 (the default for L2 for instance)

This fixes all problems from the article "Checking OpenCV with PVS-Studio"
<http://www.viva64.com/en/b/0191/> that are not already fixed and are
not in 3rdparty or the legacy module.

The problems fixed are two instances of useless code and one instance
of unspecified behavior (right-shifting a negative number).