So far this is only a small subset of all the STL uses.

Fixes #487
Fixes #695

MinGW 7.2 (x86_64) build failed

Otherwise, using kj::newDiskFilesystem() in the plugin complains.

In addition to cleaner code, this has the effect of fixing a number of issues:
- Fixes #494: Windows paths are now parsed and handled a lot better. On Windows, backslashes are handled appropriately, as are absolute paths with drive letters.
- Fixes #288: Specifing a source path starting with ".." without an appropriate --src-prefix will no longer cause output files to be generated outside of the specified output directory. Instead, the output name will be based on the absolute path, and a warning will be written since this is probably not what anyone wants.
- It's no longer necessary for --src-prefix to exactly match character-for-character. Instead, the prefix and source paths are canonicalized before matching. It even works if one is relative and the other absolute.
- Relative paths are now consistently always evaluated in path space, so ".." always cancels the previous path component and the OS/filesystem never even sees that it was there. This used to be the case in some places but not others. This behavior is important for symlink-heavy source trees: the path "foo/some-symlink/.." is now always designates "foo", rather than designating the parent directory of the symlink's target.

This change does not update the code generator plugins nor the SchemaParser API. Those will come in separate commits.

This supersedes the `capnp encode` and `capnp decode` commands. It didn't make sense to add JSON to those commands since it was unclear if JSON should be thought of as the "encoded" or "decoded" format. `convert` allows mapping anything to anything.

This command is also useful for, say, converting unpacked format to packed format or vice versa, which can now be done without a schema.

Fixes #405

This is necessary to get things working in MSVC. Note I swapped unistd.h
for miniposix.h in the compiler, too, which will be necessary to port the
compiler to MSVC.

This commit also pulls capnp/compiler/capnp.c++'s pipe() implementation
details (i.e., 8k reserved memory, _O_BINARY mode) into kj/miniposix.h.

In Sandstorm, we are encoding powerbox queries in packed base64 strings which may be placed in URL query parameters or the like. The strings are provided in interfaces called browser-side. We anticipate that some developers will prefer to specify a hardcoded string rather than generate it on-the-fly, since Cap'n Proto is not well-supported in browsers today, and anyway the developer may have no other reason to have a Cap'n Proto dependency at all, and powerbox queries are often static.

In this context, speed is irrelevant, while having a compact encoding is desirable. It felt sad to me to leave in the segment table in this context, adding redundant bytes when we want a compact encoding.

Example:

    const data :Data = embed "some-file.dat";

Files are looked up the same way an import would be.

You can use embed when Data or Text is expected. You can also use it when a struct type is expected -- the file will be interpreted as a message using standard binary serialization.

Distinguishing between "local bugs" and "preconditions" was proving difficult in practice, because a precondition failure in one function may very well indicate a bug in a calling function, but the exception may be thrown through that function, thus when caught the classification is nonsensical. The distinction also was not as useful as imagined. So, I eliminated this distinction.

Add asBytes() and asChars() methods to array classes to reinterpret-cast to bytes / chars, since this happens all the time and is otherwise a huge pain.

Use the new methods in a bunch of places.

Protected by an ifdef to avoid tripping up non-autotools builds

For portions currently copyright by Kenton (most of it), transfer copyright to Sandstorm Development Group, Inc. (Kenton's company).

The license change is practically meaningless, as MIT and BSD 2-clause are legally equivalent. However, the BSD 2-clause license is sometimes confused for its ugly siblings, BSD 3-clause and BSD 4-clause. The MIT license is more immediately recognizeable for what it is.

Rémy Blank and Jason Choy (the two non-trivial contributors) are on record as approving this change:

https://groups.google.com/d/msg/capnproto/xXDd2HUOCcc/gbe_COIuXKYJ

Extend totalSizeInWords() to also return a count of capabilities, which helps when a separate capability table needs to be allocated as well.  Use this in the RPC system.