Generics: Schema/dynamic API support.

c++/src/capnp/c++.capnp.c++

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ static const ::capnp::_::AlignedData<21> b_b9c6f99ebf805f2c = {
 };
 const ::capnp::_::RawSchema s_b9c6f99ebf805f2c = {
   0xb9c6f99ebf805f2c, b_b9c6f99ebf805f2c.words, 21, nullptr, nullptr,
-  0, 0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr
+  0, 0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, { &s_b9c6f99ebf805f2c, nullptr, nullptr, 0, 0, nullptr }
 };
 static const ::capnp::_::AlignedData<20> b_f264a779fef191ce = {
   {   0,   0,   0,   0,   5,   0,   6,   0,
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ static const ::capnp::_::AlignedData<20> b_f264a779fef191ce = {
 };
 const ::capnp::_::RawSchema s_f264a779fef191ce = {
   0xf264a779fef191ce, b_f264a779fef191ce.words, 20, nullptr, nullptr,
-  0, 0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr
+  0, 0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, { &s_f264a779fef191ce, nullptr, nullptr, 0, 0, nullptr }
 };
 }  // namespace schemas
 namespace _ {  // private

c++/src/capnp/compiler/capnp.c++

@@ -1005,8 +1005,6 @@ public:
 
     // Set up stuff for the ValueTranslator.
     ValueResolverGlue resolver(compiler->getLoader(), errorReporter);
-    auto type = arena.getOrphanage().newOrphan<schema::Type>();
-    type.get().initStruct().setTypeId(rootType.getProto().getId());
 
     // Set up output stream.
     kj::FdOutputStream rawOutput(STDOUT_FILENO);
@@ -1019,7 +1017,7 @@ public:
             segmentSize == 0 ? SUGGESTED_ALLOCATION_STRATEGY : AllocationStrategy::FIXED_SIZE);
         ValueTranslator translator(resolver, errorReporter, item.getOrphanage());
 
-        KJ_IF_MAYBE(value, translator.compileValue(expression->getReader(), type.getReader())) {
+        KJ_IF_MAYBE(value, translator.compileValue(expression->getReader(), rootType)) {
           if (segmentSize == 0) {
             writeFlat(value->getReader().as<DynamicStruct>(), output);
           } else {

c++/src/capnp/compiler/capnpc-c++.c++

@@ -1679,7 +1679,7 @@ private:
         membersByName.size() == 0 ? kj::strTree("nullptr") : kj::strTree("m_", hexId), ",\n",
         "  ", deps.size(), ", ", membersByName.size(), ", ",
         membersByDiscrim.size() == 0 ? kj::strTree("nullptr") : kj::strTree("i_", hexId),
-        ", nullptr, nullptr\n"
+        ", nullptr, nullptr, { &s_", hexId, ", nullptr, nullptr, 0, 0, nullptr }\n"
         "};\n");
 
     NodeTextNoSchema top = makeNodeTextWithoutNested(

c++/src/capnp/compiler/capnpc-capnp.c++

@@ -122,7 +122,16 @@ private:
 
     std::map<uint64_t, List<schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>::Reader> scopeBindings;
     for (auto scopeEnv: env.getScopes()) {
-      scopeBindings[scopeEnv.getScopeId()] = scopeEnv.getBindings();
+      switch (scopeEnv.which()) {
+        case schema::TypeEnvironment::Scope::BIND:
+          scopeBindings[scopeEnv.getScopeId()] = scopeEnv.getBind();
+          break;
+        case schema::TypeEnvironment::Scope::INHERIT:
+          // TODO(someday): We need to pay attention to INHERIT and be sure to explicitly override
+          //   any bindings that are not inherited. This requires a way to determine which of our
+          //   parent scopes have a non-empty parameter list.
+          break;
+      }
     }
 
     {
@@ -283,7 +292,7 @@ private:
     return true;
   }
 
-  kj::StringTree genValue(schema::Type::Reader type, schema::Value::Reader value, Schema scope) {
+  kj::StringTree genValue(Type type, schema::Value::Reader value) {
     switch (value.which()) {
       case schema::Value::VOID: return kj::strTree("void");
       case schema::Value::BOOL:
@@ -303,23 +312,19 @@ private:
       case schema::Value::DATA:
         return kj::strTree(DynamicValue::Reader(value.getData()));
       case schema::Value::LIST: {
-        KJ_REQUIRE(type.isList(), "type/value mismatch");
-        auto listValue = value.getList().getAs<DynamicList>(
-            ListSchema::of(type.getList().getElementType(), scope));
+        auto listValue = value.getList().getAs<DynamicList>(type.asList());
         return kj::strTree(listValue);
       }
       case schema::Value::ENUM: {
-        KJ_REQUIRE(type.isEnum(), "type/value mismatch");
-        auto enumNode = schemaLoader.get(type.getEnum().getTypeId()).asEnum().getProto();
+        auto enumNode = type.asEnum().getProto();
         auto enumerants = enumNode.getEnum().getEnumerants();
         KJ_REQUIRE(value.getEnum() < enumerants.size(),
                 "Enum value out-of-range.", value.getEnum(), enumNode.getDisplayName());
         return kj::strTree(enumerants[value.getEnum()].getName());
       }
       case schema::Value::STRUCT: {
-        KJ_REQUIRE(type.isStruct(), "type/value mismatch");
-        auto structValue = value.getStruct().getAs<DynamicStruct>(
-            schemaLoader.get(type.getStruct().getTypeId()).asStruct());
+        KJ_REQUIRE(type.which() == schema::Type::STRUCT, "type/value mismatch");
+        auto structValue = value.getStruct().getAs<DynamicStruct>(type.asStruct());
         return kj::strTree(structValue);
       }
       case schema::Value::INTERFACE: {
@@ -348,12 +353,13 @@ private:
   kj::StringTree genAnnotation(schema::Annotation::Reader annotation,
                                Schema scope,
                                const char* prefix = " ", const char* suffix = "") {
-    auto decl = schemaLoader.get(annotation.getId());
+    auto decl = schemaLoader.get(annotation.getId(), annotation.getTypeEnvironment(), scope);
     auto proto = decl.getProto();
     KJ_REQUIRE(proto.isAnnotation());
     auto annDecl = proto.getAnnotation();
 
-    auto value = genValue(annDecl.getType(), annotation.getValue(), decl).flatten();
+    auto value = genValue(schemaLoader.getType(annDecl.getType(), decl),
+                          annotation.getValue()).flatten();
     if (value.startsWith("(")) {
       return kj::strTree(prefix, "$", nodeName(decl, scope, annotation.getTypeEnvironment()),
                          value, suffix);
@@ -419,42 +425,42 @@ private:
           return kj::strTree(
               indent, "union {  # tag bits [", offset * 16, ", ", offset * 16 + 16, ")\n",
               KJ_MAP(uField, unionFields) {
-                return genStructField(uField.getProto(), schema, indent.next());
+                return genStructField(uField, schema, indent.next());
               },
               indent, "}\n");
         }
       } else {
-        return genStructField(field.getProto(), schema, indent);
+        return genStructField(field, schema, indent);
       }
     };
   }
 
-  kj::StringTree genStructField(schema::Field::Reader field, Schema scope, Indent indent) {
-    switch (field.which()) {
+  kj::StringTree genStructField(StructSchema::Field field, Schema scope, Indent indent) {
+    auto proto = field.getProto();
+    switch (proto.which()) {
       case schema::Field::SLOT: {
-        auto slot = field.getSlot();
+        auto slot = proto.getSlot();
         int size = typeSizeBits(slot.getType());
         return kj::strTree(
-            indent, field.getName(), " @", field.getOrdinal().getExplicit(),
+            indent, proto.getName(), " @", proto.getOrdinal().getExplicit(),
             " :", genType(slot.getType(), scope),
             isEmptyValue(slot.getDefaultValue()) ? kj::strTree("") :
-                kj::strTree(" = ", genValue(
-                    slot.getType(), slot.getDefaultValue(), scope)),
-            genAnnotations(field.getAnnotations(), scope),
+                kj::strTree(" = ", genValue(field.getType(), slot.getDefaultValue())),
+            genAnnotations(proto.getAnnotations(), scope),
             ";  # ", size == -1 ? kj::strTree("ptr[", slot.getOffset(), "]")
                                 : kj::strTree("bits[", slot.getOffset() * size, ", ",
                                               (slot.getOffset() + 1) * size, ")"),
-            hasDiscriminantValue(field)
-                ? kj::strTree(", union tag = ", field.getDiscriminantValue()) : kj::strTree(),
+            hasDiscriminantValue(proto)
+                ? kj::strTree(", union tag = ", proto.getDiscriminantValue()) : kj::strTree(),
             "\n");
       }
       case schema::Field::GROUP: {
-        auto group = schemaLoader.get(field.getGroup().getTypeId()).asStruct();
+        auto group = field.getType().asStruct();
         return kj::strTree(
-            indent, field.getName(),
-            " :group", genAnnotations(field.getAnnotations(), scope), " {",
-            hasDiscriminantValue(field)
-                ? kj::strTree("  # union tag = ", field.getDiscriminantValue()) : kj::strTree(),
+            indent, proto.getName(),
+            " :group", genAnnotations(proto.getAnnotations(), scope), " {",
+            hasDiscriminantValue(proto)
+                ? kj::strTree("  # union tag = ", proto.getDiscriminantValue()) : kj::strTree(),
             "\n",
             genStructFields(group, indent.next()),
             indent, "}\n");
@@ -475,8 +481,7 @@ private:
             return kj::strTree(
                 proto.getName(), " :", genType(slot.getType(), interface),
                 isEmptyValue(slot.getDefaultValue()) ? kj::strTree("") :
-                    kj::strTree(" = ", genValue(
-                        slot.getType(), slot.getDefaultValue(), interface)),
+                    kj::strTree(" = ", genValue(field.getType(), slot.getDefaultValue())),
                 genAnnotations(proto.getAnnotations(), interface));
           }, ", "), ")");
     } else {
@@ -518,7 +523,8 @@ private:
             structProto.getPointerCount(), " ptrs",
             structProto.getPreferredListEncoding() == schema::ElementSize::INLINE_COMPOSITE
                 ? kj::strTree()
-                : kj::strTree(", packed as ", elementSizeName(structProto.getPreferredListEncoding())),
+                : kj::strTree(", packed as ",
+                              elementSizeName(structProto.getPreferredListEncoding())),
             "\n",
             genStructFields(schema.asStruct(), indent.next()),
             genNestedDecls(schema, indent.next()),
@@ -560,7 +566,7 @@ private:
         return kj::strTree(
             indent, "const ", name, " @0x", kj::hex(proto.getId()), " :",
             genType(constProto.getType(), schema), " = ",
-            genValue(constProto.getType(), constProto.getValue(), schema),
+            genValue(schema.asConst().getType(), constProto.getValue()),
             genAnnotations(schema), ";\n");
       }
       case schema::Node::ANNOTATION: {

c++/src/capnp/compiler/compiler.c++

@@ -86,10 +86,13 @@ public:
   kj::Maybe<kj::OneOf<ResolvedDecl, ResolvedParameter, ResolvedAlias>>
       resolve(kj::StringPtr name) override;
   kj::Maybe<kj::OneOf<ResolvedDecl, ResolvedAlias>> resolveMember(kj::StringPtr name) override;
+  kj::Maybe<ResolvedDecl> getParent() override;
   ResolvedDecl getTopScope() override;
-  kj::Maybe<Schema> resolveBootstrapSchema(uint64_t id) override;
+  kj::Maybe<Schema> resolveBootstrapSchema(
+      uint64_t id, schema::TypeEnvironment::Reader environment) override;
   kj::Maybe<schema::Node::Reader> resolveFinalSchema(uint64_t id) override;
   kj::Maybe<ResolvedDecl> resolveImport(kj::StringPtr name) override;
+  kj::Maybe<Type> resolveBootstrapType(schema::Type::Reader type, Schema scope) override;
 
 private:
   CompiledModule* module;  // null iff isBuiltin is true
@@ -732,14 +735,20 @@ void Compiler::Node::traverseEnvironment(
     std::unordered_map<Node*, uint>& seen,
     const SchemaLoader& finalLoader) {
   for (auto scope: env.getScopes()) {
-    for (auto binding: scope.getBindings()) {
-      switch (binding.which()) {
-        case schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding::UNBOUND:
-          break;
-        case schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding::TYPE:
-          traverseType(binding.getType(), eagerness, seen, finalLoader);
-          break;
-      }
+    switch (scope.which()) {
+      case schema::TypeEnvironment::Scope::BIND:
+        for (auto binding: scope.getBind()) {
+          switch (binding.which()) {
+            case schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding::UNBOUND:
+              break;
+            case schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding::TYPE:
+              traverseType(binding.getType(), eagerness, seen, finalLoader);
+              break;
+          }
+        }
+        break;
+      case schema::TypeEnvironment::Scope::INHERIT:
+        break;
     }
   }
 }
@@ -841,14 +850,28 @@ Compiler::Node::resolveMember(kj::StringPtr name) {
   return nullptr;
 }
 
+kj::Maybe<NodeTranslator::Resolver::ResolvedDecl> Compiler::Node::getParent() {
+  return parent.map([](Node& parent) {
+    uint64_t scopeId = parent.parent.map([](Node& gp) { return gp.id; }).orDefault(0);
+    return ResolvedDecl { parent.id, parent.genericParamCount, scopeId, parent.kind, &parent };
+  });
+}
+
 NodeTranslator::Resolver::ResolvedDecl Compiler::Node::getTopScope() {
   Node& node = module->getRootNode();
   return ResolvedDecl { node.id, 0, 0, node.kind, &node };
 }
 
-kj::Maybe<Schema> Compiler::Node::resolveBootstrapSchema(uint64_t id) {
+kj::Maybe<Schema> Compiler::Node::resolveBootstrapSchema(
+    uint64_t id, schema::TypeEnvironment::Reader environment) {
   KJ_IF_MAYBE(node, module->getCompiler().findNode(id)) {
-    return node->getBootstrapSchema();
+    // Make sure the bootstrap schema is loaded into the SchemaLoader.
+    if (node->getBootstrapSchema() == nullptr) {
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    // Now we actually invoke get() to evaluate the environment.
+    return module->getCompiler().getWorkspace().bootstrapLoader.get(id, environment);
   } else {
     KJ_FAIL_REQUIRE("Tried to get schema for ID we haven't seen before.");
   }
@@ -872,6 +895,22 @@ Compiler::Node::resolveImport(kj::StringPtr name) {
   }
 }
 
+kj::Maybe<Type> Compiler::Node::resolveBootstrapType(schema::Type::Reader type, Schema scope) {
+  // TODO(someday): Arguably should return null if the type or its dependencies are placeholders.
+
+  kj::Maybe<Type> result;
+  KJ_IF_MAYBE(exception, kj::runCatchingExceptions([&]() {
+    result = module->getCompiler().getWorkspace().bootstrapLoader.getType(type, scope);
+  })) {
+    result = nullptr;
+    if (!module->getErrorReporter().hadErrors()) {
+      addError(kj::str("Internal compiler bug: Bootstrap schema failed to load:\n",
+                       *exception));
+    }
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
 // =======================================================================================
 
 Compiler::CompiledModule::CompiledModule(Compiler::Impl& compiler, Module& parserModule)

c++/src/capnp/compiler/lexer.capnp.c++

@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ static const uint16_t m_91cc55cd57de5419[] = {9, 6, 8, 3, 0, 2, 4, 5, 7, 1};
 static const uint16_t i_91cc55cd57de5419[] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 7, 8};
 const ::capnp::_::RawSchema s_91cc55cd57de5419 = {
   0x91cc55cd57de5419, b_91cc55cd57de5419.words, 195, d_91cc55cd57de5419, m_91cc55cd57de5419,
-  1, 10, i_91cc55cd57de5419, nullptr, nullptr
+  1, 10, i_91cc55cd57de5419, nullptr, nullptr, { &s_91cc55cd57de5419, nullptr, nullptr, 0, 0, nullptr }
 };
 static const ::capnp::_::AlignedData<119> b_c6725e678d60fa37 = {
   {   0,   0,   0,   0,   5,   0,   6,   0,
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ static const uint16_t m_c6725e678d60fa37[] = {2, 3, 5, 1, 4, 0};
 static const uint16_t i_c6725e678d60fa37[] = {1, 2, 0, 3, 4, 5};
 const ::capnp::_::RawSchema s_c6725e678d60fa37 = {
   0xc6725e678d60fa37, b_c6725e678d60fa37.words, 119, d_c6725e678d60fa37, m_c6725e678d60fa37,
-  2, 6, i_c6725e678d60fa37, nullptr, nullptr
+  2, 6, i_c6725e678d60fa37, nullptr, nullptr, { &s_c6725e678d60fa37, nullptr, nullptr, 0, 0, nullptr }
 };
 static const ::capnp::_::AlignedData<38> b_9e69a92512b19d18 = {
   {   0,   0,   0,   0,   5,   0,   6,   0,
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ static const uint16_t m_9e69a92512b19d18[] = {0};
 static const uint16_t i_9e69a92512b19d18[] = {0};
 const ::capnp::_::RawSchema s_9e69a92512b19d18 = {
   0x9e69a92512b19d18, b_9e69a92512b19d18.words, 38, d_9e69a92512b19d18, m_9e69a92512b19d18,
-  1, 1, i_9e69a92512b19d18, nullptr, nullptr
+  1, 1, i_9e69a92512b19d18, nullptr, nullptr, { &s_9e69a92512b19d18, nullptr, nullptr, 0, 0, nullptr }
 };
 static const ::capnp::_::AlignedData<40> b_a11f97b9d6c73dd4 = {
   {   0,   0,   0,   0,   5,   0,   6,   0,
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ static const uint16_t m_a11f97b9d6c73dd4[] = {0};
 static const uint16_t i_a11f97b9d6c73dd4[] = {0};
 const ::capnp::_::RawSchema s_a11f97b9d6c73dd4 = {
   0xa11f97b9d6c73dd4, b_a11f97b9d6c73dd4.words, 40, d_a11f97b9d6c73dd4, m_a11f97b9d6c73dd4,
-  1, 1, i_a11f97b9d6c73dd4, nullptr, nullptr
+  1, 1, i_a11f97b9d6c73dd4, nullptr, nullptr, { &s_a11f97b9d6c73dd4, nullptr, nullptr, 0, 0, nullptr }
 };
 }  // namespace schemas
 namespace _ {  // private

c++/src/capnp/compiler/node-translator.h

@@ -73,13 +73,17 @@ public:
     virtual kj::Maybe<kj::OneOf<ResolvedDecl, ResolvedAlias>> resolveMember(kj::StringPtr name) = 0;
     // Look up a member of this node.
 
+    virtual kj::Maybe<ResolvedDecl> getParent() = 0;
+    // Returns the parent of this scope, or null if this is the top scope.
+
     virtual ResolvedDecl getTopScope() = 0;
     // Get the top-level scope containing this node.
 
-    virtual kj::Maybe<Schema> resolveBootstrapSchema(uint64_t id) = 0;
+    virtual kj::Maybe<Schema> resolveBootstrapSchema(uint64_t id,
+        schema::TypeEnvironment::Reader environment) = 0;
     // Get the schema for the given ID.  If a schema is returned, it must be safe to traverse its
-    // dependencies using Schema::getDependency().  A schema that is only at the bootstrap stage
-    // is acceptable.
+    // dependencies via the Schema API.  A schema that is only at the bootstrap stage is
+    // acceptable.
     //
     // Throws an exception if the id is not one that was found by calling resolve() or by
     // traversing other schemas.  Returns null if the ID is recognized, but the corresponding
@@ -97,6 +101,13 @@ public:
 
     virtual kj::Maybe<ResolvedDecl> resolveImport(kj::StringPtr name) = 0;
     // Get the ID of an imported file given the import path.
+
+    virtual kj::Maybe<Type> resolveBootstrapType(schema::Type::Reader type, Schema scope) = 0;
+    // Compile a schema::Type into a Type whose dependencies may safely be traversed via the schema
+    // API. These dependencies may have only bootstrap schemas. Returns null if the type could not
+    // be constructed due to already-reported errors.
+    //
+    // `scope` is the schema
   };
 
   NodeTranslator(Resolver& resolver, ErrorReporter& errorReporter,
@@ -106,6 +117,8 @@ public:
   // `displayName`, `id`, `scopeId`, and `nestedNodes` already initialized.  The `NodeTranslator`
   // fills in the rest.
 
+  ~NodeTranslator();
+
   struct NodeSet {
     schema::Node::Reader node;
     // The main node.
@@ -130,10 +143,18 @@ public:
   // bootstrap node) and return it.
 
 private:
+  class DuplicateNameDetector;
+  class DuplicateOrdinalDetector;
+  class StructLayout;
+  class StructTranslator;
+  class DeclInstance;
+  class TypeEnvironment;
+
   Resolver& resolver;
   ErrorReporter& errorReporter;
   Orphanage orphanage;
   bool compileAnnotations;
+  kj::Own<TypeEnvironment> baseEnvironment;
 
   Orphan<schema::Node> wipNode;
   // The work-in-progress schema node.
@@ -148,6 +169,7 @@ private:
   struct UnfinishedValue {
     Expression::Reader source;
     schema::Type::Reader type;
+    Schema typeScope;
     schema::Value::Builder target;
   };
   kj::Vector<UnfinishedValue> unfinishedValues;
@@ -162,13 +184,6 @@ private:
   void compileAnnotation(Declaration::Annotation::Reader decl,
                          schema::Node::Annotation::Builder builder);
 
-  class DuplicateNameDetector;
-  class DuplicateOrdinalDetector;
-  class StructLayout;
-  class StructTranslator;
-  class DeclInstance;
-  class TypeEnvironment;
-
   void compileEnum(Void decl, List<Declaration>::Reader members,
                    schema::Node::Builder builder);
   void compileStruct(Void decl, List<Declaration>::Reader members,
@@ -198,23 +213,26 @@ private:
   void compileDefaultDefaultValue(schema::Type::Reader type, schema::Value::Builder target);
   // Initializes `target` to contain the "default default" value for `type`.
 
-  void compileBootstrapValue(Expression::Reader source, schema::Type::Reader type,
-                             schema::Value::Builder target);
+  void compileBootstrapValue(
+      Expression::Reader source, schema::Type::Reader type, schema::Value::Builder target,
+      Schema typeScope = Schema());
   // Calls compileValue() if this value should be interpreted at bootstrap time.  Otheriwse,
   // adds the value to `unfinishedValues` for later evaluation.
+  //
+  // If `type` comes from some other node, `typeScope` is the schema for that node. This is only
+  // really needed for looking up generic parameter bindings, therefore if the type comes from
+  // the node being built, an empty "Schema" (the default) works here because the node being built
+  // is of course being built for all possible bindings and thus none of its generic parameters are
+  // bound.
 
   void compileValue(Expression::Reader source, schema::Type::Reader type,
-                    schema::Value::Builder target, bool isBootstrap);
+                    Schema typeScope, schema::Value::Builder target, bool isBootstrap);
   // Interprets the value expression and initializes `target` with the result.
 
   kj::Maybe<DynamicValue::Reader> readConstant(Expression::Reader name, bool isBootstrap);
   // Get the value of the given constant.  May return null if some error occurs, which will already
   // have been reported.
 
-  kj::Maybe<ListSchema> makeListSchemaOf(schema::Type::Reader elementType);
-  // Construct a list schema representing a list of elements of the given type.  May return null if
-  // some error occurs, which will already have been reported.
-
   Orphan<List<schema::Annotation>> compileAnnotationApplications(
       List<Declaration::AnnotationApplication>::Reader annotations,
       kj::StringPtr targetsFlagName);
@@ -224,29 +242,28 @@ class ValueTranslator {
 public:
   class Resolver {
   public:
-    virtual kj::Maybe<Schema> resolveType(uint64_t id) = 0;
     virtual kj::Maybe<DynamicValue::Reader> resolveConstant(Expression::Reader name) = 0;
   };
 
   ValueTranslator(Resolver& resolver, ErrorReporter& errorReporter, Orphanage orphanage)
       : resolver(resolver), errorReporter(errorReporter), orphanage(orphanage) {}
 
-  kj::Maybe<Orphan<DynamicValue>> compileValue(Expression::Reader src, schema::Type::Reader type);
+  kj::Maybe<Orphan<DynamicValue>> compileValue(Expression::Reader src, Type type);
 
 private:
   Resolver& resolver;
   ErrorReporter& errorReporter;
   Orphanage orphanage;
 
-  Orphan<DynamicValue> compileValueInner(Expression::Reader src, schema::Type::Reader type);
+  Orphan<DynamicValue> compileValueInner(Expression::Reader src, Type type);
   // Helper for compileValue().
 
   void fillStructValue(DynamicStruct::Builder builder,
                        List<Expression::Param>::Reader assignments);
   // Interprets the given assignments and uses them to fill in the given struct builder.
 
-  kj::String makeNodeName(uint64_t id);
-  kj::String makeTypeName(schema::Type::Reader type);
+  kj::String makeNodeName(Schema node);
+  kj::String makeTypeName(Type type);
 
   kj::Maybe<ListSchema> makeListSchemaOf(schema::Type::Reader elementType);
 };

c++/src/capnp/dynamic.h

@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ private:
   template <typename T, ::capnp::Kind k>
   friend struct ::capnp::ToDynamic_;
   friend kj::StringTree _::structString(
-      _::StructReader reader, const _::RawSchema& schema);
+      _::StructReader reader, const _::RawBrandedSchema& schema);
   friend class Orphanage;
   friend class Orphan<DynamicStruct>;
   friend class Orphan<DynamicValue>;

c++/src/capnp/generated-header-support.h

@@ -43,6 +43,97 @@ struct DynamicStruct;  // So that it can be declared a friend.
 
 namespace _ {  // private
 
+struct RawSchema;
+
+struct RawBrandedSchema {
+  // Represents a combination of a schema and bindings for its generic parameters.
+  //
+  // Note that while we generate one `RawSchema` per type, we generate a `RawBrandedSchema` for
+  // every _instance_ of a generic type -- or, at least, every instance that is actually used. For
+  // generated-code types, we use template magic to initialize these.
+
+  const RawSchema* generic = nullptr;
+  // Generic type which we're branding.
+
+  struct Binding {
+    uint8_t which;       // Numeric value of one of schema::Type::Which.
+    uint16_t listDepth;  // Number of times to wrap the base type in List().
+
+    const RawBrandedSchema* schema;  // may be null
+  };
+
+  struct Scope {
+    uint64_t typeId;
+    // Type ID whose parameters are being bound.
+
+    const Binding* bindings;
+    uint bindingCount;
+    // Bindings for those parameters.
+  };
+
+  const Scope* scopes = nullptr;
+  // Array of enclosing scopes for which generic variables have been bound, sorted by type ID.
+
+  struct Dependency {
+    uint location;
+    const RawBrandedSchema* schema;
+  };
+
+  const Dependency* dependencies = nullptr;
+  // Map of branded schemas for dependencies of this type, given our brand. Only dependencies that
+  // are branded are included in this map; if a dependency is missing, use its `defaultBrand`.
+
+  uint32_t scopeCount = 0;
+  uint32_t dependencyCount = 0;
+
+  enum class DepKind {
+    // Component of a Dependency::location. Specifies what sort of dependency this is.
+
+    INVALID,
+    // Mostly defined to ensure that zero is not a valid location.
+
+    FIELD,
+    // Binding needed for a field's type. The index is the field index (NOT ordinal!).
+
+    METHOD_PARAMS,
+    // Bindings needed for a method's params type. The index is the method number.
+
+    METHOD_RESULTS,
+    // Bindings needed for a method's results type. The index is the method ordinal.
+
+    SUPERCLASS,
+    // Bindings needed for a superclass type. The index is the superclass's index in the
+    // "extends" list.
+
+    CONST_TYPE
+    // Bindings needed for the type of a constant. The index is zero.
+  };
+
+  static inline uint makeDepLocation(DepKind kind, uint index) {
+    // Make a number representing the location of a particular dependency within its parent
+    // schema.
+
+    return (static_cast<uint>(kind) << 24) | index;
+  }
+
+  class Initializer {
+  public:
+    virtual void init(const RawBrandedSchema* generic) const = 0;
+  };
+
+  const Initializer* lazyInitializer = nullptr;
+  // Lazy initializer, invoked by ensureInitialized().
+
+  inline void ensureInitialized() const {
+    // Lazy initialization support.  Invoke to ensure that initialization has taken place.  This
+    // is required in particular when traversing the dependency list.  RawSchemas for compiled-in
+    // types are always initialized; only dynamically-loaded schemas may be lazy.
+
+    const Initializer* i = __atomic_load_n(&lazyInitializer, __ATOMIC_ACQUIRE);
+    if (i != nullptr) i->init(this);
+  }
+};
+
 struct RawSchema {
   // The generated code defines a constant RawSchema for every compiled declaration.
   //
@@ -96,6 +187,13 @@ struct RawSchema {
     const Initializer* i = __atomic_load_n(&lazyInitializer, __ATOMIC_ACQUIRE);
     if (i != nullptr) i->init(this);
   }
+
+  RawBrandedSchema defaultBrand;
+  // Specifies the brand to use for this schema if no generic parameters have been bound to
+  // anything. Generally, in the default brand, all generic parameters are treated as if they were
+  // bound to `AnyPointer`.
+  //
+  // TODO(now): Remove initializer; it's just to assist incremental changes.
 };
 
 template <typename T>
@@ -106,6 +204,12 @@ inline const RawSchema& rawSchema() {
   return RawSchema_<T>::get();
 }
 
+template <typename T>
+inline const RawBrandedSchema& rawBrandedSchema() {
+  // TODO(now): implement properly
+  return rawSchema<T>().defaultBrand;
+}
+
 template <typename T> struct TypeId_;
 
 extern const RawSchema NULL_INTERFACE_SCHEMA;  // defined in schema.c++
@@ -124,13 +228,15 @@ struct UnionParentType_;
 template <typename T>
 using UnionParentType = typename UnionParentType_<T>::Type;
 
-kj::StringTree structString(StructReader reader, const RawSchema& schema);
+kj::StringTree structString(StructReader reader, const RawBrandedSchema& schema);
 // Declared here so that we can declare inline stringify methods on generated types.
 // Defined in stringify.c++, which depends on dynamic.c++, which is allowed not to be linked in.
+//
+// TODO(now): No default for env.
 
 template <typename T>
 inline kj::StringTree structString(StructReader reader) {
-  return structString(reader, rawSchema<T>());
+  return structString(reader, rawBrandedSchema<T>());
 }
 
 // TODO(cleanup):  Unify ConstStruct and ConstList.

c++/src/capnp/rpc-twoparty.capnp.c++

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ static const ::capnp::_::AlignedData<26> b_9fd69ebc87b9719c = {
 static const uint16_t m_9fd69ebc87b9719c[] = {1, 0};
 const ::capnp::_::RawSchema s_9fd69ebc87b9719c = {
   0x9fd69ebc87b9719c, b_9fd69ebc87b9719c.words, 26, nullptr, m_9fd69ebc87b9719c,
-  0, 2, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr
+  0, 2, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, { &s_9fd69ebc87b9719c, nullptr, nullptr, 0, 0, nullptr }
 };
 static const ::capnp::_::AlignedData<35> b_e615e371b1036508 = {
   {   0,   0,   0,   0,   5,   0,   6,   0,
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ static const uint16_t m_e615e371b1036508[] = {0};
 static const uint16_t i_e615e371b1036508[] = {0};
 const ::capnp::_::RawSchema s_e615e371b1036508 = {
   0xe615e371b1036508, b_e615e371b1036508.words, 35, d_e615e371b1036508, m_e615e371b1036508,
-  1, 1, i_e615e371b1036508, nullptr, nullptr
+  1, 1, i_e615e371b1036508, nullptr, nullptr, { &s_e615e371b1036508, nullptr, nullptr, 0, 0, nullptr }
 };
 static const ::capnp::_::AlignedData<34> b_b88d09a9c5f39817 = {
   {   0,   0,   0,   0,   5,   0,   6,   0,
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ static const uint16_t m_b88d09a9c5f39817[] = {0};
 static const uint16_t i_b88d09a9c5f39817[] = {0};
 const ::capnp::_::RawSchema s_b88d09a9c5f39817 = {
   0xb88d09a9c5f39817, b_b88d09a9c5f39817.words, 34, nullptr, m_b88d09a9c5f39817,
-  0, 1, i_b88d09a9c5f39817, nullptr, nullptr
+  0, 1, i_b88d09a9c5f39817, nullptr, nullptr, { &s_b88d09a9c5f39817, nullptr, nullptr, 0, 0, nullptr }
 };
 static const ::capnp::_::AlignedData<18> b_89f389b6fd4082c1 = {
   {   0,   0,   0,   0,   5,   0,   6,   0,
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ static const ::capnp::_::AlignedData<18> b_89f389b6fd4082c1 = {
 };
 const ::capnp::_::RawSchema s_89f389b6fd4082c1 = {
   0x89f389b6fd4082c1, b_89f389b6fd4082c1.words, 18, nullptr, nullptr,
-  0, 0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr
+  0, 0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, { &s_89f389b6fd4082c1, nullptr, nullptr, 0, 0, nullptr }
 };
 static const ::capnp::_::AlignedData<19> b_b47f4979672cb59d = {
   {   0,   0,   0,   0,   5,   0,   6,   0,
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ static const ::capnp::_::AlignedData<19> b_b47f4979672cb59d = {
 };
 const ::capnp::_::RawSchema s_b47f4979672cb59d = {
   0xb47f4979672cb59d, b_b47f4979672cb59d.words, 19, nullptr, nullptr,
-  0, 0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr
+  0, 0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, { &s_b47f4979672cb59d, nullptr, nullptr, 0, 0, nullptr }
 };
 static const ::capnp::_::AlignedData<65> b_95b29059097fca83 = {
   {   0,   0,   0,   0,   5,   0,   6,   0,
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ static const uint16_t m_95b29059097fca83[] = {0, 1, 2};
 static const uint16_t i_95b29059097fca83[] = {0, 1, 2};
 const ::capnp::_::RawSchema s_95b29059097fca83 = {
   0x95b29059097fca83, b_95b29059097fca83.words, 65, nullptr, m_95b29059097fca83,
-  0, 3, i_95b29059097fca83, nullptr, nullptr
+  0, 3, i_95b29059097fca83, nullptr, nullptr, { &s_95b29059097fca83, nullptr, nullptr, 0, 0, nullptr }
 };
 static const ::capnp::_::AlignedData<65> b_9d263a3630b7ebee = {
   {   0,   0,   0,   0,   5,   0,   6,   0,
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ static const uint16_t m_9d263a3630b7ebee[] = {2, 0, 1};
 static const uint16_t i_9d263a3630b7ebee[] = {0, 1, 2};
 const ::capnp::_::RawSchema s_9d263a3630b7ebee = {
   0x9d263a3630b7ebee, b_9d263a3630b7ebee.words, 65, nullptr, m_9d263a3630b7ebee,
-  0, 3, i_9d263a3630b7ebee, nullptr, nullptr
+  0, 3, i_9d263a3630b7ebee, nullptr, nullptr, { &s_9d263a3630b7ebee, nullptr, nullptr, 0, 0, nullptr }
 };
 }  // namespace schemas
 namespace _ {  // private

c++/src/capnp/schema-loader-test.c++

@@ -328,6 +328,45 @@ TEST(SchemaLoader, LazyLoadGetDependency) {
   EXPECT_EQ(dep, loader.get(typeId<TestAllTypes>()));
 }
 
+TEST(SchemaLoader, Generics) {
+  SchemaLoader loader;
+
+  StructSchema allTypes = loader.load(Schema::from<TestAllTypes>().getProto()).asStruct();
+  StructSchema tap = loader.load(Schema::from<test::TestAnyPointer>().getProto()).asStruct();
+  loader.load(Schema::from<test::TestGenerics::Inner>().getProto());
+  loader.load(Schema::from<test::TestGenerics::Inner2>().getProto());
+  loader.load(Schema::from<test::TestGenerics::Interface>().getProto());
+  loader.load(Schema::from<test::TestGenerics>().getProto());
+  StructSchema schema = loader.load(Schema::from<test::TestUseGenerics>().getProto()).asStruct();
+
+  {
+    StructSchema::Field basic = schema.getFieldByName("basic");
+    StructSchema instance = basic.getType().asStruct();
+
+    StructSchema::Field foo = instance.getFieldByName("foo");
+    EXPECT_TRUE(foo.getType().asStruct() == allTypes);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(foo.getType().asStruct() != tap);
+
+    StructSchema instance2 = instance.getFieldByName("rev").getType().asStruct();
+    StructSchema::Field foo2 = instance2.getFieldByName("foo");
+    EXPECT_TRUE(foo2.getType().asStruct() == tap);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(foo2.getType().asStruct() != allTypes);
+  }
+
+  {
+    StructSchema inner2 = schema.getFieldByName("inner2").getType().asStruct();
+
+    StructSchema bound = inner2.getFieldByName("innerBound").getType().asStruct();
+    Type boundFoo = bound.getFieldByName("foo").getType();
+    EXPECT_FALSE(boundFoo.isAnyPointer());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(boundFoo.asStruct() == allTypes);
+
+    StructSchema unbound = inner2.getFieldByName("innerUnbound").getType().asStruct();
+    Type unboundFoo = unbound.getFieldByName("foo").getType();
+    EXPECT_TRUE(unboundFoo.isAnyPointer());
+  }
+}
+
 }  // namespace
 }  // namespace _ (private)
 }  // namespace capnp

c++/src/capnp/schema-loader.h

@@ -65,15 +65,30 @@ public:
   ~SchemaLoader() noexcept(false);
   KJ_DISALLOW_COPY(SchemaLoader);
 
-  Schema get(uint64_t id) const;
+  typedef schema::TypeEnvironment::Reader GenericBindings;
+
+  Schema get(uint64_t id, GenericBindings bindings = GenericBindings(),
+             Schema scope = Schema()) const;
   // Gets the schema for the given ID, throwing an exception if it isn't present.
   //
   // The returned schema may be invalidated if load() is called with a new schema for the same ID.
   // In general, you should not call load() while a schema from this loader is in-use.
-
-  kj::Maybe<Schema> tryGet(uint64_t id) const;
+  //
+  // `bindings` and `scope` are used to determine generic parameter bindings where relevant.
+  // `bindings` gives parameter bindings for the target type's generic parameters that were
+  // specified at the reference site. `scope` specifies the scope in which the type ID appeared --
+  // if the target type and the scope share some common super-scope which is parameterized,
+  // and bindings for those parameters weren't specified in `bindings`, they will be carried over
+  // from the scope.
+
+  kj::Maybe<Schema> tryGet(uint64_t id, GenericBindings bindings = GenericBindings(),
+                           Schema scope = Schema()) const;
   // Like get() but doesn't throw.
 
+  Type getType(schema::Type::Reader type, Schema scope = Schema()) const;
+  // Convenience method which interprets a schema::Type to produce a Type object. Implemented in
+  // terms of get().
+
   Schema load(const schema::Node::Reader& reader);
   // Loads the given schema node.  Validates the node and throws an exception if invalid.  This
   // makes a copy of the schema, so the object passed in can be destroyed after this returns.
@@ -134,6 +149,7 @@ private:
   class CompatibilityChecker;
   class Impl;
   class InitializerImpl;
+  class BrandedInitializerImpl;
   kj::MutexGuarded<kj::Own<Impl>> impl;
 
   void loadNative(const _::RawSchema* nativeSchema);

c++/src/capnp/schema-parser-test.c++

@@ -156,22 +156,29 @@ TEST(SchemaParser, Constants) {
       "struct Foo {\n"
       "  bar @0 :Int16;\n"
       "  baz @1 :Text;\n"
+      "}\n"
+      "const genericConst :TestGeneric(Text) = (value = \"text\");\n"
+      "struct TestGeneric(T) {\n"
+      "  value @0 :T;\n"
       "}\n");
 
-  ParsedSchema barSchema = parser.parseFile(SchemaFile::newDiskFile(
+  ParsedSchema fileSchema = parser.parseFile(SchemaFile::newDiskFile(
       "const.capnp", "const.capnp", nullptr, reader));
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(1234, barSchema.getNested("uint32Const").asConst().as<uint32_t>());
+  EXPECT_EQ(1234, fileSchema.getNested("uint32Const").asConst().as<uint32_t>());
 
-  auto list = barSchema.getNested("listConst").asConst().as<DynamicList>();
+  auto list = fileSchema.getNested("listConst").asConst().as<DynamicList>();
   ASSERT_EQ(3u, list.size());
   EXPECT_EQ(1.25, list[0].as<float>());
   EXPECT_EQ(2.5, list[1].as<float>());
   EXPECT_EQ(3e4f, list[2].as<float>());
 
-  auto structConst = barSchema.getNested("structConst").asConst().as<DynamicStruct>();
+  auto structConst = fileSchema.getNested("structConst").asConst().as<DynamicStruct>();
   EXPECT_EQ(123, structConst.get("bar").as<int16_t>());
   EXPECT_EQ("qux", structConst.get("baz").as<Text>());
+
+  auto genericConst = fileSchema.getNested("genericConst").asConst().as<DynamicStruct>();
+  EXPECT_EQ("text", genericConst.get("value").as<Text>());
 }
 
 }  // namespace

c++/src/capnp/schema.capnp

@@ -342,8 +342,14 @@ struct TypeEnvironment {
     scopeId @0 :Id;
     # ID of the scope to which these params apply.
 
-    bindings @1 :List(Binding);
-    # List of parameter bindings.
+    union {
+      bind @1 :List(Binding);
+      # List of parameter bindings.
+
+      inherit @2 :Void;
+      # The place where this TypeEnivornment appears is actually within this scope or a sub-scope,
+      # and the bindings for this scope should be inherited from the reference point.
+    }
   }
 
   struct Binding {

c++/src/capnp/schema.capnp.h

@@ -265,6 +265,10 @@ struct TypeEnvironment::Scope {
   class Reader;
   class Builder;
   class Pipeline;
+  enum Which: uint16_t {
+    BIND,
+    INHERIT,
+  };
 };
 
 struct TypeEnvironment::Binding {
@@ -468,7 +472,7 @@ CAPNP_DECLARE_STRUCT(
     0, 1, POINTER);
 CAPNP_DECLARE_STRUCT(
     ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Scope, 8343d91197413c18,
-    1, 1, INLINE_COMPOSITE);
+    2, 1, INLINE_COMPOSITE);
 CAPNP_DECLARE_STRUCT(
     ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding, f5b4269b6dd5cd38,
     1, 1, INLINE_COMPOSITE);
@@ -2770,10 +2774,15 @@ public:
     return _reader.totalSize().asPublic();
   }
 
+  inline Which which() const;
   inline  ::uint64_t getScopeId() const;
 
-  inline bool hasBindings() const;
-  inline  ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>::Reader getBindings() const;
+  inline bool isBind() const;
+  inline bool hasBind() const;
+  inline  ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>::Reader getBind() const;
+
+  inline bool isInherit() const;
+  inline  ::capnp::Void getInherit() const;
 
 private:
   ::capnp::_::StructReader _reader;
@@ -2805,15 +2814,21 @@ public:
 
   inline ::capnp::MessageSize totalSize() const { return asReader().totalSize(); }
 
+  inline Which which();
   inline  ::uint64_t getScopeId();
   inline void setScopeId( ::uint64_t value);
 
-  inline bool hasBindings();
-  inline  ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>::Builder getBindings();
-  inline void setBindings( ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>::Reader value);
-  inline  ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>::Builder initBindings(unsigned int size);
-  inline void adoptBindings(::capnp::Orphan< ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>>&& value);
-  inline ::capnp::Orphan< ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>> disownBindings();
+  inline bool isBind();
+  inline bool hasBind();
+  inline  ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>::Builder getBind();
+  inline void setBind( ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>::Reader value);
+  inline  ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>::Builder initBind(unsigned int size);
+  inline void adoptBind(::capnp::Orphan< ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>>&& value);
+  inline ::capnp::Orphan< ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>> disownBind();
+
+  inline bool isInherit();
+  inline  ::capnp::Void getInherit();
+  inline void setInherit( ::capnp::Void value = ::capnp::VOID);
 
 private:
   ::capnp::_::StructBuilder _builder;
@@ -5818,6 +5833,13 @@ inline ::capnp::Orphan< ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Scope>>
       _builder.getPointerField(0 * ::capnp::POINTERS));
 }
 
+inline TypeEnvironment::Scope::Which TypeEnvironment::Scope::Reader::which() const {
+  return _reader.getDataField<Which>(4 * ::capnp::ELEMENTS);
+}
+inline TypeEnvironment::Scope::Which TypeEnvironment::Scope::Builder::which() {
+  return _builder.getDataField<Which>(4 * ::capnp::ELEMENTS);
+}
+
 inline  ::uint64_t TypeEnvironment::Scope::Reader::getScopeId() const {
   return _reader.getDataField< ::uint64_t>(
       0 * ::capnp::ELEMENTS);
@@ -5832,38 +5854,84 @@ inline void TypeEnvironment::Scope::Builder::setScopeId( ::uint64_t value) {
       0 * ::capnp::ELEMENTS, value);
 }
 
-inline bool TypeEnvironment::Scope::Reader::hasBindings() const {
+inline bool TypeEnvironment::Scope::Reader::isBind() const {
+  return which() == TypeEnvironment::Scope::BIND;
+}
+inline bool TypeEnvironment::Scope::Builder::isBind() {
+  return which() == TypeEnvironment::Scope::BIND;
+}
+inline bool TypeEnvironment::Scope::Reader::hasBind() const {
+  if (which() != TypeEnvironment::Scope::BIND) return false;
   return !_reader.getPointerField(0 * ::capnp::POINTERS).isNull();
 }
-inline bool TypeEnvironment::Scope::Builder::hasBindings() {
+inline bool TypeEnvironment::Scope::Builder::hasBind() {
+  if (which() != TypeEnvironment::Scope::BIND) return false;
   return !_builder.getPointerField(0 * ::capnp::POINTERS).isNull();
 }
-inline  ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>::Reader TypeEnvironment::Scope::Reader::getBindings() const {
+inline  ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>::Reader TypeEnvironment::Scope::Reader::getBind() const {
+  KJ_IREQUIRE(which() == TypeEnvironment::Scope::BIND,
+              "Must check which() before get()ing a union member.");
   return ::capnp::_::PointerHelpers< ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>>::get(
       _reader.getPointerField(0 * ::capnp::POINTERS));
 }
-inline  ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>::Builder TypeEnvironment::Scope::Builder::getBindings() {
+inline  ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>::Builder TypeEnvironment::Scope::Builder::getBind() {
+  KJ_IREQUIRE(which() == TypeEnvironment::Scope::BIND,
+              "Must check which() before get()ing a union member.");
   return ::capnp::_::PointerHelpers< ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>>::get(
       _builder.getPointerField(0 * ::capnp::POINTERS));
 }
-inline void TypeEnvironment::Scope::Builder::setBindings( ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>::Reader value) {
+inline void TypeEnvironment::Scope::Builder::setBind( ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>::Reader value) {
+  _builder.setDataField<TypeEnvironment::Scope::Which>(
+      4 * ::capnp::ELEMENTS, TypeEnvironment::Scope::BIND);
   ::capnp::_::PointerHelpers< ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>>::set(
       _builder.getPointerField(0 * ::capnp::POINTERS), value);
 }
-inline  ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>::Builder TypeEnvironment::Scope::Builder::initBindings(unsigned int size) {
+inline  ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>::Builder TypeEnvironment::Scope::Builder::initBind(unsigned int size) {
+  _builder.setDataField<TypeEnvironment::Scope::Which>(
+      4 * ::capnp::ELEMENTS, TypeEnvironment::Scope::BIND);
   return ::capnp::_::PointerHelpers< ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>>::init(
       _builder.getPointerField(0 * ::capnp::POINTERS), size);
 }
-inline void TypeEnvironment::Scope::Builder::adoptBindings(
+inline void TypeEnvironment::Scope::Builder::adoptBind(
     ::capnp::Orphan< ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>>&& value) {
+  _builder.setDataField<TypeEnvironment::Scope::Which>(
+      4 * ::capnp::ELEMENTS, TypeEnvironment::Scope::BIND);
   ::capnp::_::PointerHelpers< ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>>::adopt(
       _builder.getPointerField(0 * ::capnp::POINTERS), kj::mv(value));
 }
-inline ::capnp::Orphan< ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>> TypeEnvironment::Scope::Builder::disownBindings() {
+inline ::capnp::Orphan< ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>> TypeEnvironment::Scope::Builder::disownBind() {
+  KJ_IREQUIRE(which() == TypeEnvironment::Scope::BIND,
+              "Must check which() before get()ing a union member.");
   return ::capnp::_::PointerHelpers< ::capnp::List< ::capnp::schema::TypeEnvironment::Binding>>::disown(
       _builder.getPointerField(0 * ::capnp::POINTERS));
 }
 
+inline bool TypeEnvironment::Scope::Reader::isInherit() const {
+  return which() == TypeEnvironment::Scope::INHERIT;
+}
+inline bool TypeEnvironment::Scope::Builder::isInherit() {
+  return which() == TypeEnvironment::Scope::INHERIT;
+}
+inline  ::capnp::Void TypeEnvironment::Scope::Reader::getInherit() const {
+  KJ_IREQUIRE(which() == TypeEnvironment::Scope::INHERIT,
+              "Must check which() before get()ing a union member.");
+  return _reader.getDataField< ::capnp::Void>(
+      0 * ::capnp::ELEMENTS);
+}
+
+inline  ::capnp::Void TypeEnvironment::Scope::Builder::getInherit() {
+  KJ_IREQUIRE(which() == TypeEnvironment::Scope::INHERIT,
+              "Must check which() before get()ing a union member.");
+  return _builder.getDataField< ::capnp::Void>(
+      0 * ::capnp::ELEMENTS);
+}
+inline void TypeEnvironment::Scope::Builder::setInherit( ::capnp::Void value) {
+  _builder.setDataField<TypeEnvironment::Scope::Which>(
+      4 * ::capnp::ELEMENTS, TypeEnvironment::Scope::INHERIT);
+  _builder.setDataField< ::capnp::Void>(
+      0 * ::capnp::ELEMENTS, value);
+}
+
 inline TypeEnvironment::Binding::Which TypeEnvironment::Binding::Reader::which() const {
   return _reader.getDataField<Which>(0 * ::capnp::ELEMENTS);
 }

c++/src/capnp/stringify.c++

@@ -282,8 +282,8 @@ kj::StringTree KJ_STRINGIFY(const DynamicList::Builder& value) { return stringif
 
 namespace _ {  // private
 
-kj::StringTree structString(StructReader reader, const RawSchema& schema) {
-  return stringify(DynamicStruct::Reader(StructSchema(&schema), reader));
+kj::StringTree structString(StructReader reader, const RawBrandedSchema& schema) {
+  return stringify(DynamicStruct::Reader(Schema(&schema).asStruct(), reader));
 }
 
 }  // namespace _ (private)

c++/src/capnp/test.capnp

@@ -515,19 +515,42 @@ struct TestGenerics(Foo, Bar) {
   struct Inner2(Baz) {
     bar @0 :Bar;
     baz @1 :Baz;
+    innerBound @2 :Inner;
+    innerUnbound @3 :TestGenerics.Inner;
   }
 
   interface Interface(Qux) {
     call @0 Inner2(Text) -> (qux :Qux, gen :TestGenerics(TestAllTypes, TestDefaults));
   }
+
+  annotation ann(struct) :Foo;
+}
+
+struct TestGenericsWrapper(Foo, Bar) {
+  value @0 :TestGenerics(Foo, Bar);
 }
 
-struct TestUseGenerics {
-  basic @0 :TestGenerics(TestAllTypes, TestDefaults);
-  inner @1 :TestGenerics(TestAllTypes, TestDefaults).Inner;
-  inner2 @2 :TestGenerics(TestAllTypes, TestDefaults).Inner2(Text);
+struct TestGenericsWrapper2 {
+  value @0 :TestGenericsWrapper(Text, TestAllTypes);
+}
+
+struct TestUseGenerics $TestGenerics(Text, Data).ann("foo") {
+  basic @0 :TestGenerics(TestAllTypes, TestAnyPointer);
+  inner @1 :TestGenerics(TestAllTypes, TestAnyPointer).Inner;
+  inner2 @2 :TestGenerics(TestAllTypes, TestAnyPointer).Inner2(Text);
   unspecified @3 :TestGenerics;
   unspecifiedInner @4 :TestGenerics.Inner2(Text);
+  wrapper @8 :TestGenericsWrapper(TestAllTypes, TestAnyPointer);
+
+  default @5 :TestGenerics(TestAllTypes, Text) =
+      (foo = (int16Field = 123), rev = (foo = "text", rev = (foo = (int16Field = 321))));
+  defaultInner @6 :TestGenerics(TestAllTypes, Text).Inner =
+      (foo = (int16Field = 123), bar = "text");
+  defaultUser @7 :TestUseGenerics = (basic = (foo = (int16Field = 123)));
+  defaultWrapper @9 :TestGenericsWrapper(Text, TestAllTypes) =
+      (value = (foo = "text", rev = (foo = (int16Field = 321))));
+  defaultWrapper2 @10 :TestGenericsWrapper2 =
+      (value = (value = (foo = "text", rev = (foo = (int16Field = 321)))));
 }
 
 struct TestEmptyStruct {}
@@ -623,6 +646,9 @@ const derivedConstant :TestAllTypes = (
     int16List = TestConstants.int16ListConst,
     structList = TestConstants.structListConst);
 
+const genericConstant :TestGenerics(TestAllTypes, Text) =
+    (foo = (int16Field = 123), rev = (foo = "text", rev = (foo = (int16Field = 321))));
+
 interface TestInterface {
   foo @0 (i :UInt32, j :Bool) -> (x :Text);
   bar @1 () -> ();

c++/src/kj/common.h

@@ -143,6 +143,14 @@ typedef unsigned char byte;
 #define KJ_UNUSED_MEMBER
 #endif
 
+#if __clang__
+#define KJ_DEPRECATED(reason) \
+    __attribute__((deprecated(reason)))
+#else
+#define KJ_DEPRECATED(reason) \
+    __attribute__((deprecated))
+#endif
+
 namespace _ {  // private
 
 void inlineRequireFailure(